Formation of Gerunds in Turkish

The formation of gerunds in Turkish grammar involves modifying the verb root with specific suffixes, which indicate the action’s state or continuity. The most common suffixes are:

1. -ma/-me: Creates a gerund when added to the verb root and denotes the action of doing something.
Example: yüzme (swimming) — verb root: yüz (swim) + gerund suffix: -me

2. -iş/-uş/-üş: Also creates a gerund when added to the verb root but signifies the idea of something being done.
Example: koşuş (running) – verb root: koş (run) + gerund suffix: -uş

Note that the choice between these two suffixes depends on the verb’s harmony rules.

Classification of Gerunds in Turkish Grammar

In Turkish grammar, gerunds can be classified into two main categories based on their uses:

1. Adverbial Gerunds: These gerunds function as adverbs, providing additional information about an action, such as its manner, cause, or purpose.
Example: Koşarak geçti. (He/she passed by running.)

2. Nominal Gerunds: These gerunds function as nouns, taking the place of the subject or object of a sentence.
Example: Yüzme seviyorum. (I love swimming.)

Usage of Gerunds in Turkish Grammar

Gerunds in Turkish grammar can be employed in various contexts and structures. Below are some of the most common uses.

1. Expressing Purpose: Gerunds may indicate the reason or purpose for an action.
Example: Evi boyamaya geldi (He/she came to paint the house.)

2. Indicating a Simultaneous Action: They can also denote two actions that occur simultaneously or sequentially.
Example: Çalışarak kazandı. (He/she earned by working.)

3. Forming Compound Nouns: Gerunds can also be part of compound nouns, which express a specific idea or concept.
Example: yemek pişirme (cooking food)

4. Conveying Passive Meaning: Gerunds can add a passive meaning to a sentence when combined with the verb olmak (to become).
Example: Araba yıkandı (The car was washed.)

In conclusion, gerunds in Turkish grammar play a vital role in conveying various meanings in sentence structures. Understanding their formation, classification, and usage will significantly strengthen your grasp of the Turkish language and enable you to communicate more effectively with native speakers.