In Thai grammar, the Past Perfect tense is used to describe an action that occurred and ended in the past before another past event occurred. Thai, unlike English, does not have a specific verb form to indicate the Past Perfect tense. Rather, it uses time markers and context to convey the same meaning. For English speakers, learning this aspect of Thai grammar can be challenging, but it is essential for communicating complex ideas and sequences of events.
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with Past Perfect tense markers
1. ąøąøøąøą¹ąøąø£ąøµąø¢ąø”ąøąø²ąø«ąø²ąø£ą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§*ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹* (before)ąøąø±ąøąøąø¶ąøąøą¹ąø²ąø.
2. ąøąø±ąø*ą¹ąø£ąøµąø¢ąø* (study)ąø ąø²ąø©ąø²ą¹ąøąø¢ąøąø¢ąø¹ą¹ąøŖąø²ąø”ąøąøµąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąø”ąø²ąøąøµą¹ąøąø£ąø°ą¹ąøąøØąøąøµą¹.
3. ą¹ąøąø²*ąøąø“ąø* (eat)ąøą¹ąø²ąø§ą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąø«ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ą¹ąø£ąø“ą¹ąø”.
4. ąøąø±ąø*ąøąø·ą¹ąø* (buy)ąøąøąøąøąø§ąø±ąøąøąøµą¹ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąø¢ą¹ąø²ąø¢ąøąø·ąø.
5. ą¹ąø£ąø²*ąøą¹ąøąø* (recite)ąøąø³ąøŖąø±ąøąøąø²ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąø£ąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøąø.
6. ąøąø§ąøą¹ąøąø²*ąø„ą¹ąø²ąø* (wash)ąø£ąøąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø°ąø„ąøąø”ąø²ąøąø£ąø°ąøąøøąø”.
7. ąøąøøąø*ąøą¹ąø²ąø* (read)ąø«ąøąø±ąøąøŖąø·ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø£ąø¹ąøąø°ąøąø²ąø”ąøąø³ąøąø²ąø”.
8. ąøąø±ąø*ąøąø£ąø“ąøąø²ąø* (donate)ą¹ąøąø“ąøąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ą¹ąøą¹ąøąøµą¹ąø¢ąø§.
9. ą¹ąøąø²*ąøą¹ąø²ąø¢* (pay)ą¹ąøąø“ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąø«ą¹ąøąøąøą¹ąø³.
10. ąøąø±ąø*ą¹ąøą¹ąøą¹ąøą¹ąø²ąøą¹* (checkout)ąøąø²ąøą¹ąø£ąøą¹ąø£ąø”ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ą¹ąøąø«ą¹ąø²ąøąøŖąø£ąø£ąøąøŖąø“ąøąøą¹ąø².
11. ą¹ąøąø²*ąøŖą¹ąø* (send)ąøąøµą¹ąø”ąø„ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąø”ąø«ąøąø±ąøąøŖąø·ąø.
12. ąøąøøąø*ąøąø¹ąø* (speak)ą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąøøąøąøąø°ąøąø“ąø.
13. ąøąø±ąø*ąøŖą¹ąø* (send)ą¹ąøąøąøŖąø²ąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø²ąøŖąø±ąøąøąø²ąø«ą¹ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ąø”ąø²ąøąøµą¹ąøŖąø³ąøąø±ąøąøąø²ąøąøąøµą¹.
14. ąøąøøąø*ąøŖą¹ąø* (send)ąøą¹ąøąøąø§ąø²ąø”ą¹ąø«ą¹ąøąø±ąøąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ąøąøąøąø²ąø£ąøąø£ąø°ąøąøøąø”.
15. ą¹ąøąø²*ąøąø³* (do)ąøąø²ąø£ąøą¹ąø²ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąøøąøąøąø°ąø”ąø²ąøąøµą¹ąøą¹ąø²ąø.
2. ąøąø±ąø*ą¹ąø£ąøµąø¢ąø* (study)ąø ąø²ąø©ąø²ą¹ąøąø¢ąøąø¢ąø¹ą¹ąøŖąø²ąø”ąøąøµąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąø”ąø²ąøąøµą¹ąøąø£ąø°ą¹ąøąøØąøąøµą¹.
3. ą¹ąøąø²*ąøąø“ąø* (eat)ąøą¹ąø²ąø§ą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąø«ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ą¹ąø£ąø“ą¹ąø”.
4. ąøąø±ąø*ąøąø·ą¹ąø* (buy)ąøąøąøąøąø§ąø±ąøąøąøµą¹ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąø¢ą¹ąø²ąø¢ąøąø·ąø.
5. ą¹ąø£ąø²*ąøą¹ąøąø* (recite)ąøąø³ąøŖąø±ąøąøąø²ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąø£ąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøąø.
6. ąøąø§ąøą¹ąøąø²*ąø„ą¹ąø²ąø* (wash)ąø£ąøąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø°ąø„ąøąø”ąø²ąøąø£ąø°ąøąøøąø”.
7. ąøąøøąø*ąøą¹ąø²ąø* (read)ąø«ąøąø±ąøąøŖąø·ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø£ąø¹ąøąø°ąøąø²ąø”ąøąø³ąøąø²ąø”.
8. ąøąø±ąø*ąøąø£ąø“ąøąø²ąø* (donate)ą¹ąøąø“ąøąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ą¹ąøą¹ąøąøµą¹ąø¢ąø§.
9. ą¹ąøąø²*ąøą¹ąø²ąø¢* (pay)ą¹ąøąø“ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąø«ą¹ąøąøąøą¹ąø³.
10. ąøąø±ąø*ą¹ąøą¹ąøą¹ąøą¹ąø²ąøą¹* (checkout)ąøąø²ąøą¹ąø£ąøą¹ąø£ąø”ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ą¹ąøąø«ą¹ąø²ąøąøŖąø£ąø£ąøąøŖąø“ąøąøą¹ąø².
11. ą¹ąøąø²*ąøŖą¹ąø* (send)ąøąøµą¹ąø”ąø„ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąø”ąø«ąøąø±ąøąøŖąø·ąø.
12. ąøąøøąø*ąøąø¹ąø* (speak)ą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąøøąøąøąø°ąøąø“ąø.
13. ąøąø±ąø*ąøŖą¹ąø* (send)ą¹ąøąøąøŖąø²ąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø²ąøŖąø±ąøąøąø²ąø«ą¹ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ąø”ąø²ąøąøµą¹ąøŖąø³ąøąø±ąøąøąø²ąøąøąøµą¹.
14. ąøąøøąø*ąøŖą¹ąø* (send)ąøą¹ąøąøąø§ąø²ąø”ą¹ąø«ą¹ąøąø±ąøąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ąøąøąøąø²ąø£ąøąø£ąø°ąøąøøąø”.
15. ą¹ąøąø²*ąøąø³* (do)ąøąø²ąø£ąøą¹ąø²ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąøøąøąøąø°ąø”ąø²ąøąøµą¹ąøą¹ąø²ąø.
Exercise 2: Fill in the blank with the appropriate verb in the past perfect tense
1. ąøąø±ąø*ąøą¹ąø²ąø* (read)ąø«ąøąø±ąøąøŖąø·ąøą¹ąøą¹ą¹ąøą¹ąø².
2. ą¹ąøąø²*ą¹ąø* (go)ąø£ą¹ąø²ąøąøąø²ąø«ąø²ąø£ą¹ąøąø¢ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąø£ąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąø.
3. ąøą¹ąø²ąø*ąøąø³* (do)ąøąø²ąøąøą¹ąø²ąøąø«ąø”ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąø”ąø².
4. ąøąø±ąøą¹ąø*ąøąø²ąø”* (follow)ąø£ąøąøąøąøąøąø±ąøąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąøą¹ąø²ąø.
5. ą¹ąøąø²*ąøąø“ąø* (close)ąøąøµąø§ąøµąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ąøąøąø.
6. ąøąøøąø*ąø£ąø¹ą¹* (know)ąøąø§ąø²ąø”ąøąø£ąø“ąøąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ąøąøąø.
7. ąøąø±ąø*ąøąø·ą¹ąø* (buy)ą¹ąø§ą¹ąøąøŖąø²ąø¢ąøąø²ą¹ąø«ąø”ą¹ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø²ąøąø§ąø±ąøąøØąøøąøąø£ą¹.
8. ą¹ąøąø²*ąøąø“ąø* (eat)ąøąø²ąø«ąø²ąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø²ąøąøąøą¹ąøąø²ą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø³ąøąø²ąø.
9. ąøąøøąø*ąøąø³* (do)ąøąø²ąø£ąøą¹ąø²ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąøøąøąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąø”ąø«ąø²ąø§ąø“ąøąø¢ąø²ąø„ąø±ąø¢.
10. ąøąø±ąø*ąøąø¹ąø* (speak)ąøąø±ąøąøąø£ąø°ąøąø²ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø£ąø°ąøąøøąø”.
11. ą¹ąø«ąø„ą¹ąø²ąøąø±ąøąøąøøąø*ąøą¹ąø²ąø* (read)ąøąøąøąø§ąø²ąø”ą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø§ąøą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø“ąøą¹ąøąøą¹ąø«ą¹ąøąøŖąø±ąøąøąø“ąø ąø²ąø.
12. ąøąø§ąøą¹ąøąø²*ąøąø£ąø£ąøąøø* (pack)ąøąø£ąø°ą¹ąøą¹ąø²ą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø§ąøą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ąøąø¶ą¹ąøą¹ąøąø£ąø·ą¹ąøąøąøąø“ąø.
13. ąøąøøąø*ąøąø³* (do)ąøąø²ąø”ą¹ąøąøąøąø±ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąøøąøąøąø°ąøŖą¹ąøą¹ąøąøąøąø±ąø.
14. ąøąø±ąø*ą¹ąøąø£* (call)ą¹ąø«ą¹ą¹ąøąø²ą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąø£ą¹ąø²ąøąøąø²ą¹ąø.
15. ą¹ąøąø²*ą¹ąø„ąø* (exchange)ą¹ąøąø“ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø„ąø²ąø.
2. ą¹ąøąø²*ą¹ąø* (go)ąø£ą¹ąø²ąøąøąø²ąø«ąø²ąø£ą¹ąøąø¢ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąø£ąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąø.
3. ąøą¹ąø²ąø*ąøąø³* (do)ąøąø²ąøąøą¹ąø²ąøąø«ąø”ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąø”ąø².
4. ąøąø±ąøą¹ąø*ąøąø²ąø”* (follow)ąø£ąøąøąøąøąøąø±ąøąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąøą¹ąø²ąø.
5. ą¹ąøąø²*ąøąø“ąø* (close)ąøąøµąø§ąøµąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ąøąøąø.
6. ąøąøøąø*ąø£ąø¹ą¹* (know)ąøąø§ąø²ąø”ąøąø£ąø“ąøąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ąøąøąø.
7. ąøąø±ąø*ąøąø·ą¹ąø* (buy)ą¹ąø§ą¹ąøąøŖąø²ąø¢ąøąø²ą¹ąø«ąø”ą¹ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø²ąøąø§ąø±ąøąøØąøøąøąø£ą¹.
8. ą¹ąøąø²*ąøąø“ąø* (eat)ąøąø²ąø«ąø²ąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø²ąøąøąøą¹ąøąø²ą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø³ąøąø²ąø.
9. ąøąøøąø*ąøąø³* (do)ąøąø²ąø£ąøą¹ąø²ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąøøąøąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąø”ąø«ąø²ąø§ąø“ąøąø¢ąø²ąø„ąø±ąø¢.
10. ąøąø±ąø*ąøąø¹ąø* (speak)ąøąø±ąøąøąø£ąø°ąøąø²ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø£ąø°ąøąøøąø”.
11. ą¹ąø«ąø„ą¹ąø²ąøąø±ąøąøąøøąø*ąøą¹ąø²ąø* (read)ąøąøąøąø§ąø²ąø”ą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø§ąøą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø“ąøą¹ąøąøą¹ąø«ą¹ąøąøŖąø±ąøąøąø“ąø ąø²ąø.
12. ąøąø§ąøą¹ąøąø²*ąøąø£ąø£ąøąøø* (pack)ąøąø£ąø°ą¹ąøą¹ąø²ą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø§ąøą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ąøąø¶ą¹ąøą¹ąøąø£ąø·ą¹ąøąøąøąø“ąø.
13. ąøąøøąø*ąøąø³* (do)ąøąø²ąø”ą¹ąøąøąøąø±ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąøøąøąøąø°ąøŖą¹ąøą¹ąøąøąøąø±ąø.
14. ąøąø±ąø*ą¹ąøąø£* (call)ą¹ąø«ą¹ą¹ąøąø²ą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø±ąøąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąø£ą¹ąø²ąøąøąø²ą¹ąø.
15. ą¹ąøąø²*ą¹ąø„ąø* (exchange)ą¹ąøąø“ąøą¹ąøŖąø£ą¹ąøą¹ąø„ą¹ąø§ąøą¹ąøąøąøąøµą¹ą¹ąøąø²ąøąø°ą¹ąøąøąøµą¹ąøąø„ąø²ąø.
