Basic Greetings and Phrases

When starting out with any language, it’s important to learn the basic greetings and everyday phrases. These help you initiate conversations and show politeness.

Tere – Hello
This is the most common way to greet someone in Estonian. It’s simple and easy to remember.

Head aega – Goodbye
When leaving, you can use this phrase to bid farewell.

Palun – Please
Politeness goes a long way. Use this word to make your requests sound courteous.

Aitäh – Thank you
Expressing gratitude is important in any culture, and “aitäh” is the word you need in Estonian.

Vabandust – Sorry
If you need to apologize or get someone’s attention, this word will come in handy.

Jah – Yes
Simple and straightforward, “jah” is the word for “yes.”

Ei – No
Similarly, “ei” is the word for “no.”

Kuidas läheb? – How are you?
This is a common way to ask someone about their well-being.

Hästi – Well
You can respond with “hästi” if you’re doing well.

Halvasti – Bad
If things aren’t going so well, you can use “halvasti.”

Numbers

Knowing numbers is crucial, whether you’re shopping, telling time, or simply counting. Here are the Estonian numbers from one to ten:

1. Üks
2. Kaks
3. Kolm
4. Neli
5. Viis
6. Kuus
7. Seitse
8. Kaheksa
9. Üheksa
10. Kümme

Once you have these basics down, you can combine them to form larger numbers. For example, “eleven” is “üksteist” and “twenty” is “kakskümmend.”

Days of the Week

Being able to talk about the days of the week is essential for scheduling and planning.

Esmaspäev – Monday
Teisipäev – Tuesday
Kolmapäev – Wednesday
Neljapäev – Thursday
Reede – Friday
Laupäev – Saturday
Pühapäev – Sunday

Months of the Year

Similarly, knowing the months of the year is important for discussing dates and events.

Jaanuar – January
Veebruar – February
Märts – March
Aprill – April
Mai – May
Juuni – June
Juuli – July
August – August
September – September
Oktoober – October
November – November
Detsember – December

Common Questions

Being able to ask and understand common questions can greatly improve your conversational skills.

Mis su nimi on? – What is your name?
Use this phrase to ask someone their name.

Kus sa elad? – Where do you live?
A common question to get to know someone better.

Kuidas sul läheb? – How are you doing?
Similar to “Kuidas läheb?” but slightly more personal.

Mis kell on? – What time is it?
Useful for keeping track of time.

Kui vana sa oled? – How old are you?
A common question to ask in a friendly conversation.

Essential Verbs

Verbs are the backbone of any sentence. Here are some essential Estonian verbs that you should know:

Olen – I am
Oled – You are
On – He/She/It is
Oleme – We are
Olete – You (plural/formal) are
On – They are

Minema – To go
Tulema – To come
Teha – To do
Võtma – To take
Armastama – To love
Meeldima – To like

Common Nouns

Nouns are equally important for building your vocabulary. Here are some common nouns in Estonian:

Inimene – Person
Mees – Man
Naine – Woman
Laps – Child
Kodu – Home
Auto – Car
Kool – School
Raamat – Book
Lauas – Table
Tool – Chair

Adjectives

Adjectives help you describe nouns and add more detail to your sentences. Here are some useful adjectives:

Suur – Big
Väike – Small
Hea – Good
Halb – Bad
Ilus – Beautiful
Kole – Ugly
Uus – New
Vana – Old

Food and Drink

Knowing some basic words related to food and drink can be very useful, especially when dining out or shopping for groceries.

Vesi – Water
Piim – Milk
Kohv – Coffee
Tee – Tea
Leib – Bread
Juust – Cheese
Liha – Meat
Kana – Chicken
Kala – Fish
Puu – Fruit

Colors

Colors are another fundamental aspect of language learning. Here are some basic colors in Estonian:

Punane – Red
Sinine – Blue
Roheline – Green
Kollane – Yellow
Must – Black
Valge – White
Hall – Grey
Roosa – Pink
Pruun – Brown
Oranž – Orange

Family Members

Talking about family is a common topic of conversation. Here are some words for family members:

Isa – Father
Emme – Mother
Vennas – Brother
Õde – Sister
Vanaisa – Grandfather
Vanaema – Grandmother

Time and Weather

Understanding time and weather-related vocabulary can be very useful in daily conversations.

Hommik – Morning
Päev – Day
Õhtu – Evening
Öö – Night
Tund – Hour
Minut – Minute

Päike – Sun
Vihm – Rain
Lumi – Snow
Tuul – Wind
Pilv – Cloud
Ilm – Weather

Basic Sentence Structure

Understanding how to construct basic sentences is crucial for communication. Estonian has a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) sentence structure, similar to English.

Example: Ma loen raamatut – I am reading a book.
– Ma (Subject) – I
– Loen (Verb) – am reading
– Raamatut (Object) – a book

Common Phrases for Everyday Situations

Here are some useful phrases for everyday situations:

Kus on tualett? – Where is the toilet?
Kui palju see maksab? – How much does this cost?
Ma ei räägi eesti keelt hästi – I don’t speak Estonian well.
Kas te räägite inglise keelt? – Do you speak English?
Palun rääkige aeglasemalt – Please speak more slowly.

Practice Makes Perfect

Learning a new language takes time and practice. Here are some tips to help you on your journey:

1. **Practice Daily**: Consistency is key. Try to practice a little every day.
2. **Use Flashcards**: Flashcards can help you memorize vocabulary.
3. **Watch Estonian Media**: Watching Estonian TV shows or movies can help you get used to the sounds and rhythm of the language.
4. **Join a Language Group**: Joining a group can provide you with opportunities to practice speaking.
5. **Use Language Apps**: Apps like Duolingo and Memrise offer Estonian courses that can supplement your learning.

Conclusion

Learning Estonian can be a rewarding experience. By starting with these basic words and phrases, you’ll be well on your way to understanding and speaking the language. Remember to practice regularly and immerse yourself in the language as much as possible. Happy learning!