Perfect Tenses in Greek grammar constitute a significant part of the Greek verb system. There are three main types of perfect tenses – perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. Each of these tenses indicates an action that has been completed in different time frames. The perfect tense suggests an action completed in the present, pluperfect indicates an action completed in the past, and the future perfect shows an action that will be completed in the future. This nuanced framework plays a central role in constructing well-structured, meaningful Greek sentences.
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb form
1. ĪĻĻ *Ī²Ī¬Ī»ĪµĪ¹* (put) ĻĪ± ĻĪ±Ī¹Ī“Ī¹Ī¬ Ī½Ī± ĪŗĪæĪ¹Ī¼Ī·ĪøĪæĻĪ½.
2. Ī Ī¬Ī½ĻĻĪ±Ļ *ĪĻĪµĪ¹* (has) ĪŗĻĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪæ Ī³ĻĪ±ĻĪÆĪ“Ī¹.
3. Ī¤Īæ ĻĪ±Ī¹Ī“ĪÆ *ĪµĪÆĻĪµ* (had) ĻĪ¬ĪµĪ¹ ĻĪ»Ī± ĻĪ± Ī¼Ī®Ī»Ī±.
4. Ī¤Ī± ĻĪ±Ī¹Ī“Ī¹Ī¬ *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĪæĻ Ī½* (will have) ĻĻĪ¬ĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĻĪæ ĻĻĪæĪ»ĪµĪÆĪæ Ī¼ĪĻĻĪ¹ ĻĪ¹Ļ 8:00.
5. ĪĪ»ĻĪÆĪ¶Ļ ĻĻĪ¹ *ĪĻĪµĻĪµ* (you have) ĪŗĪ±ĻĪ±Ī»Ī¬Ī²ĪµĪ¹.
6. ĪĻ ĻĪ® *ĪµĪÆĻĪµ* (she had) Ī“Ī¹Ī±Ī²Ī¬ĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪæ Ī²Ī¹Ī²Ī»ĪÆĪæ ĻĻĪ¹Ī½ ĪĻĪøĪµĪ¹ ĻĻĪ·Ī½ ĻĪ¬Ī¾Ī·.
7. ĪĪ¬ĻĪæĪ¹Ī± ĻĻĪ¹Ī³Ī¼Ī®, ĪµĻĻ *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĪµĪ¹Ļ* (you will have) ĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪĪ¼Ī±ĻĪ±.
8. ĪĪ¹ ĻĪÆĪ»ĪæĪ¹ Ī¼ĪæĻ *ĪµĪÆĻĪ±Ī½* (had) ĻĻĪ³ĪµĪ¹ ĻĻĪ±Ī½ Ī®ĻĪøĪµĻ.
9. *ĪĻĪæĻ Ī½* (They have) ĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪĪ¼Ī±ĻĪ± ĻĪæĪ»Ī»ĪĻ ĻĪæĻĪĻ.
10. Ī ĪŗĪ±ĪøĪ·Ī³Ī·ĻĪ®Ļ *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĪµĪ¹* (will have) Ī²Ī±ĪøĪ¼ĪæĪ»ĪæĪ³Ī·ĪøĪµĪÆ ĻĪ± Ī“ĪæĪŗĪÆĪ¼Ī¹Ī± Ī¼ĪĻĻĪ¹ ĻĪ·Ī½ ĪµĻĻĪ¼ĪµĪ½Ī· ĪµĪ²Ī“ĪæĪ¼Ī¬Ī“Ī±.
11. ĪĪÆĻĪ± *Ī“ĪµĪ¹* (seen) ĻĪ»ĪµĻ ĻĪ¹Ļ ĻĪ±Ī¹Ī½ĪÆĪµĻ ĻĻĪ¹Ī½ ĻĪæĻ ĻĪ¹Ļ ĪµĪÆĻĪ±.
12. ĪĪ± *ĪĻĪµĻĪµ* (you will have) ĻĻĪ³ĪµĪ¹ Ī³Ī¹Ī± ĻĪ· Ī“ĪæĻ Ī»ĪµĪ¹Ī¬ ĻĻĪ¹Ī½ ĪµĪ³Ļ Ī¾Ļ ĻĪ½Ī®ĻĻ.
13. *ĪĻĻ* (I have) Ī²ĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪæ ĪŗĪ¹Ī½Ī·ĻĻ Ī¼ĪæĻ .
14. *ĪĪ± ĪĻĪæĻ Ī½ ĪæĪ»ĪæĪŗĪ»Ī·ĻĻĻĪµĪ¹* (They will have completed) ĻĪæ ĻĻĻĪ³ĻĪ±Ī¼Ī¼Ī± Ī¼ĪĻĻĪ¹ ĻĪæĪ½ ĪĪ¬Ī¹Īæ.
15. ĪĪ¼ĪµĪÆĻ *ĪµĪÆĻĪ±Ī¼Īµ Ī¾ĪµĪŗĪ¹Ī½Ī®ĻĪµĪ¹* (we had started) ĻĪæ ĻĻĻĪÆ Ī½ĻĻĪÆĻ.
2. Ī Ī¬Ī½ĻĻĪ±Ļ *ĪĻĪµĪ¹* (has) ĪŗĻĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪæ Ī³ĻĪ±ĻĪÆĪ“Ī¹.
3. Ī¤Īæ ĻĪ±Ī¹Ī“ĪÆ *ĪµĪÆĻĪµ* (had) ĻĪ¬ĪµĪ¹ ĻĪ»Ī± ĻĪ± Ī¼Ī®Ī»Ī±.
4. Ī¤Ī± ĻĪ±Ī¹Ī“Ī¹Ī¬ *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĪæĻ Ī½* (will have) ĻĻĪ¬ĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĻĪæ ĻĻĪæĪ»ĪµĪÆĪæ Ī¼ĪĻĻĪ¹ ĻĪ¹Ļ 8:00.
5. ĪĪ»ĻĪÆĪ¶Ļ ĻĻĪ¹ *ĪĻĪµĻĪµ* (you have) ĪŗĪ±ĻĪ±Ī»Ī¬Ī²ĪµĪ¹.
6. ĪĻ ĻĪ® *ĪµĪÆĻĪµ* (she had) Ī“Ī¹Ī±Ī²Ī¬ĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪæ Ī²Ī¹Ī²Ī»ĪÆĪæ ĻĻĪ¹Ī½ ĪĻĪøĪµĪ¹ ĻĻĪ·Ī½ ĻĪ¬Ī¾Ī·.
7. ĪĪ¬ĻĪæĪ¹Ī± ĻĻĪ¹Ī³Ī¼Ī®, ĪµĻĻ *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĪµĪ¹Ļ* (you will have) ĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪĪ¼Ī±ĻĪ±.
8. ĪĪ¹ ĻĪÆĪ»ĪæĪ¹ Ī¼ĪæĻ *ĪµĪÆĻĪ±Ī½* (had) ĻĻĪ³ĪµĪ¹ ĻĻĪ±Ī½ Ī®ĻĪøĪµĻ.
9. *ĪĻĪæĻ Ī½* (They have) ĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪĪ¼Ī±ĻĪ± ĻĪæĪ»Ī»ĪĻ ĻĪæĻĪĻ.
10. Ī ĪŗĪ±ĪøĪ·Ī³Ī·ĻĪ®Ļ *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĪµĪ¹* (will have) Ī²Ī±ĪøĪ¼ĪæĪ»ĪæĪ³Ī·ĪøĪµĪÆ ĻĪ± Ī“ĪæĪŗĪÆĪ¼Ī¹Ī± Ī¼ĪĻĻĪ¹ ĻĪ·Ī½ ĪµĻĻĪ¼ĪµĪ½Ī· ĪµĪ²Ī“ĪæĪ¼Ī¬Ī“Ī±.
11. ĪĪÆĻĪ± *Ī“ĪµĪ¹* (seen) ĻĪ»ĪµĻ ĻĪ¹Ļ ĻĪ±Ī¹Ī½ĪÆĪµĻ ĻĻĪ¹Ī½ ĻĪæĻ ĻĪ¹Ļ ĪµĪÆĻĪ±.
12. ĪĪ± *ĪĻĪµĻĪµ* (you will have) ĻĻĪ³ĪµĪ¹ Ī³Ī¹Ī± ĻĪ· Ī“ĪæĻ Ī»ĪµĪ¹Ī¬ ĻĻĪ¹Ī½ ĪµĪ³Ļ Ī¾Ļ ĻĪ½Ī®ĻĻ.
13. *ĪĻĻ* (I have) Ī²ĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪæ ĪŗĪ¹Ī½Ī·ĻĻ Ī¼ĪæĻ .
14. *ĪĪ± ĪĻĪæĻ Ī½ ĪæĪ»ĪæĪŗĪ»Ī·ĻĻĻĪµĪ¹* (They will have completed) ĻĪæ ĻĻĻĪ³ĻĪ±Ī¼Ī¼Ī± Ī¼ĪĻĻĪ¹ ĻĪæĪ½ ĪĪ¬Ī¹Īæ.
15. ĪĪ¼ĪµĪÆĻ *ĪµĪÆĻĪ±Ī¼Īµ Ī¾ĪµĪŗĪ¹Ī½Ī®ĻĪµĪ¹* (we had started) ĻĪæ ĻĻĻĪÆ Ī½ĻĻĪÆĻ.
Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the perfect tense of given verb
1. ĪĪ¼ĪµĪÆĻ *ĪĻĪæĻ
Ī¼Īµ ĪæĪ»ĪæĪŗĪ»Ī·ĻĻĻĪµĪ¹* (completed) ĻĪ·Ī½ ĪµĻĪ³Ī±ĻĪÆĪ±.
2. ĪĻĻ *ĪĻĪµĪ¹Ļ ĻĪ¬ĪµĪ¹* (eaten) ĻĪæ Ī“ĪµĪÆĻĪ½Īæ.
3. ĪĻ ĻĪæĪÆ *ĪĻĪæĻ Ī½ ĻĻĪ¬ĻĪµĪ¹* (arrived) ĻĻĪæĪ½ ĻĻĪæĪæĻĪ¹ĻĪ¼Ļ ĻĪæĻ Ļ.
4. Ī ĪæĪ¹ĪæĻ *ĪĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪ¬ĻĪµĪ¹* (took) ĻĪ·Ī½ ĻĻĪ¬Ī½ĻĪ± Ī¼ĪæĻ ;
5. ĪĪ³Ļ *ĪĻĻ Ī³ĻĪ¬ĻĪµĪ¹* (written) ĪĪ½Ī± Ī³ĻĪ¬Ī¼Ī¼Ī± ĻĻĪæĪ½ ĻĪÆĪ»Īæ Ī¼ĪæĻ .
6. ĪĻĪµĪÆĻ *ĪĻĪµĻĪµ Ī“ĪµĪ¹* (seen) Ī±Ļ ĻĪ®Ī½ ĻĪ·Ī½ ĻĪ±Ī¹Ī½ĪÆĪ±;
7. Ī Ī£ĻĻĻĪæĻ ĪŗĪ±Ī¹ Ī· ĪĪ»ĪĪ½Ī· *ĪĻĪæĻ Ī½ ĻĪ±Ī½ĻĻĪµĻ ĻĪµĪÆ* (married).
8. ĪĻ ĻĪ® *ĪµĪÆĻĪµ ĻĪ»Ī·ĻĻĻĪµĪ¹* (paid) ĻĪæĪ½ Ī»ĪæĪ³Ī±ĻĪ¹Ī±ĻĪ¼Ļ.
9. ĪĻĻĪ¹Īæ, *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĻ ĪŗĪ¬Ī½ĪµĪ¹* (will have done) ĻĪ· Ī“ĪæĻ Ī»ĪµĪ¹Ī¬ Ī¼ĪæĻ .
10. Ī ĪæĪ¹ĪæĻ *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪ¬ĻĪµĪ¹* (will have taken) ĻĪæ Ī²Ī¹Ī²Ī»ĪÆĪæ ĻĪæĻ ĪĪ·Ī¼Ī®ĻĻĪ·;
11. ĪĪ¼ĪµĪÆĻ *ĪĻĪæĻ Ī¼Īµ ĪŗĪ¬Ī½ĪµĪ¹* (made) ĻĪæ ĪŗĻĪµĪ²Ī¬ĻĪ¹.
12. ĪĻĻ *ĪĻĪµĪ¹Ļ ĻĪ¬ĻĪµĪ¹* (taken) ĻĪ¹Ļ Ī²Ī¹ĻĪ±Ī¼ĪÆĪ½ĪµĻ ĻĪæĻ ;
13. Ī¤ĪæĻ Ļ ĻĪÆĪ»ĪæĻ Ļ Ī¼ĪæĻ *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĻ Ī“ĪµĪ¹* (will have seen) Ī¼ĪĻĻĪ¹ ĻĪæ ĻĪĪ»ĪæĻ ĻĪ·Ļ ĪµĪ²Ī“ĪæĪ¼Ī¬Ī“Ī±Ļ.
14. ĪĪ³Ļ *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĻ ĪæĪ»ĪæĪŗĪ»Ī·ĻĻĻĪµĪ¹* (will have completed) ĻĪæ Ī“Ī¹Ī¬Ī²Ī±ĻĪ¼Ī± Ī¼ĪæĻ ĻĪæĪ½ ĪµĻĻĪ¼ĪµĪ½Īæ Ī¼Ī®Ī½Ī±.
15. ĪĻĪµĪÆĻ *ĪµĪÆĻĪ±ĻĪµ ĻĪ±ĪÆĪ¾ĪµĪ¹* (played) ĻĪæĪ“ĻĻĻĪ±Ī¹ĻĪæ ĻĻĪ¹Ī½ Ī·Ī¼ĪµĻĻĪ½;
2. ĪĻĻ *ĪĻĪµĪ¹Ļ ĻĪ¬ĪµĪ¹* (eaten) ĻĪæ Ī“ĪµĪÆĻĪ½Īæ.
3. ĪĻ ĻĪæĪÆ *ĪĻĪæĻ Ī½ ĻĻĪ¬ĻĪµĪ¹* (arrived) ĻĻĪæĪ½ ĻĻĪæĪæĻĪ¹ĻĪ¼Ļ ĻĪæĻ Ļ.
4. Ī ĪæĪ¹ĪæĻ *ĪĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪ¬ĻĪµĪ¹* (took) ĻĪ·Ī½ ĻĻĪ¬Ī½ĻĪ± Ī¼ĪæĻ ;
5. ĪĪ³Ļ *ĪĻĻ Ī³ĻĪ¬ĻĪµĪ¹* (written) ĪĪ½Ī± Ī³ĻĪ¬Ī¼Ī¼Ī± ĻĻĪæĪ½ ĻĪÆĪ»Īæ Ī¼ĪæĻ .
6. ĪĻĪµĪÆĻ *ĪĻĪµĻĪµ Ī“ĪµĪ¹* (seen) Ī±Ļ ĻĪ®Ī½ ĻĪ·Ī½ ĻĪ±Ī¹Ī½ĪÆĪ±;
7. Ī Ī£ĻĻĻĪæĻ ĪŗĪ±Ī¹ Ī· ĪĪ»ĪĪ½Ī· *ĪĻĪæĻ Ī½ ĻĪ±Ī½ĻĻĪµĻ ĻĪµĪÆ* (married).
8. ĪĻ ĻĪ® *ĪµĪÆĻĪµ ĻĪ»Ī·ĻĻĻĪµĪ¹* (paid) ĻĪæĪ½ Ī»ĪæĪ³Ī±ĻĪ¹Ī±ĻĪ¼Ļ.
9. ĪĻĻĪ¹Īæ, *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĻ ĪŗĪ¬Ī½ĪµĪ¹* (will have done) ĻĪ· Ī“ĪæĻ Ī»ĪµĪ¹Ī¬ Ī¼ĪæĻ .
10. Ī ĪæĪ¹ĪæĻ *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĪµĪ¹ ĻĪ¬ĻĪµĪ¹* (will have taken) ĻĪæ Ī²Ī¹Ī²Ī»ĪÆĪæ ĻĪæĻ ĪĪ·Ī¼Ī®ĻĻĪ·;
11. ĪĪ¼ĪµĪÆĻ *ĪĻĪæĻ Ī¼Īµ ĪŗĪ¬Ī½ĪµĪ¹* (made) ĻĪæ ĪŗĻĪµĪ²Ī¬ĻĪ¹.
12. ĪĻĻ *ĪĻĪµĪ¹Ļ ĻĪ¬ĻĪµĪ¹* (taken) ĻĪ¹Ļ Ī²Ī¹ĻĪ±Ī¼ĪÆĪ½ĪµĻ ĻĪæĻ ;
13. Ī¤ĪæĻ Ļ ĻĪÆĪ»ĪæĻ Ļ Ī¼ĪæĻ *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĻ Ī“ĪµĪ¹* (will have seen) Ī¼ĪĻĻĪ¹ ĻĪæ ĻĪĪ»ĪæĻ ĻĪ·Ļ ĪµĪ²Ī“ĪæĪ¼Ī¬Ī“Ī±Ļ.
14. ĪĪ³Ļ *ĪøĪ± ĪĻĻ ĪæĪ»ĪæĪŗĪ»Ī·ĻĻĻĪµĪ¹* (will have completed) ĻĪæ Ī“Ī¹Ī¬Ī²Ī±ĻĪ¼Ī± Ī¼ĪæĻ ĻĪæĪ½ ĪµĻĻĪ¼ĪµĪ½Īæ Ī¼Ī®Ī½Ī±.
15. ĪĻĪµĪÆĻ *ĪµĪÆĻĪ±ĻĪµ ĻĪ±ĪÆĪ¾ĪµĪ¹* (played) ĻĪæĪ“ĻĻĻĪ±Ī¹ĻĪæ ĻĻĪ¹Ī½ Ī·Ī¼ĪµĻĻĪ½;