In Estonian grammar, participles are verb forms that function as adjectives, expressing the result of an action or state. There are four types of participles in Estonian: Present Active (“-v/-ev” endings), Present Passive (“-tav” endings), Past Active (“-nud” endings), and Past Passive (“-tud” endings). Participles can provide additional information about the noun they describe, such as a condition, past actions, or future actions. They can be used in different cases and can function as predicate adjectives, attributes, or even as the main verb in a sentence.