Complex sentences in Kazakh grammar are a rich and challenging aspect that provide intricacy in conveying meanings. Similar to English complex sentences, they contain one main clause and one or more dependent clauses. Mastery of these sentences can greatly enhance one’s communication skills in the Kazakh language. The dependent clauses in Kazakh grammar have various forms indicating cause, condition, purpose and etc.
Exercise 1: Completing the Complex Sentences
1. “*ŠŠµŠ½*” (I) Š±Ņ±Š» ŠŗŃŃŠ°ŠæŃŃ Š¾ŅŠøŠ“ŃŠ¼, ŃŠµŠ±ŠµŠ±Ń Š¾Š» ŠøŠ½ŃŠµŃŠµŃ Š±Š¾Š»Š“Ń. (pronoun)
2. “*ŠŠ»*” (He/She) ŠŗŅÆŠ½Ń Š¶Ņ±Š¼ŃŃŅŠ° ŠŗŠµŃŠµŠ“Ń, Š±ŃŃŠ°Ņ Š±Ņ±Š³ŃŠ½ Š“ŠµŠ¼Š°Š»ŃŃ ŠŗŠµŠ·ŃŠ½Š“Šµ. (pronoun)
3. “*ŠŃŠ·Š“ŃŅ£*” (Our) Š¼ŠµŠŗŃŠµŠ±ŃŠ¼ŃŠ· Š¶Š°ŅŃŃ Š¾ŅŃŃŃŠ»Š°ŃŅŠ° ŠøŠµ. (possessive pronoun)
4. “*ŠŅŠ·Š°Š¼ŃŠ¼*” (My brother) Š¾Š»Š°ŃŠ“Ń Š¶Š°ŃŃŃŃ ŅÆŃŃŠ½ ŠŗÓ©Š¼ŠµŠŗ ŠµŃŃŃ. (pronoun)
5. “*ŠŠµŠ½*” (I) ŠµŠ¼ŃŠøŃ Š°Š½ŅŠ° Š“Š°Š¹ŃŠ½Š“Š°Š»ŃŠ“Ń Š±Š°ŃŃŠ°Š“ŃŠ¼, ŃŠµŠ±ŠµŠ±Ń Š¾Š» Š±ŃŃŠ°Š· ŠŗŠµŠ¹ŃŠ½ Š±Š°ŃŃŠ°Š»Š°Ń. (pronoun)
6. “*ŠŠ³ŠµŃ*” (If) ŅŃŠ·ŃŅŃŠ°Š½ŃŃ Ó©ŃŃ ŠŗŠµŠ»ŃŠµ, Š±ŃŃŠ°Ņ ÓŠ»Ń Š“Š°Š¹ŃŠ½ ŠµŠ¼ŠµŃ. (conjunction)
7. “*ŠŠ¾ŃŃŠ¼*” (My friend) ŃŠ¾Š»ŅŠ° Š±Š°ŃŠ°Š“Ń, ŃŠµŠ±ŠµŠ±Ń Š¾Š» ŅŃŠ·ŃŅŃŃ. (pronoun)
8. “*ŠŠ½Š“Š°Š¹-Š°Ņ*” (Nevertheless) Š¾Š¹ŃŠ½ Š¾Š¹Š½Š°ŅŠ°Š½ŃŠ¼ ŅÆŃŃŠ½ ŠŠ°ŅŠ“Š°Š½ Š¼Š°ŅŠ°Š½ ŠŗŠµŃŃŃ. (conjunction)
9. “*ŠŠ°ŅŃŃŃŠ¼*” (My luck) Š½Š°Ņ£Š“Š°Š¹ ŅŠ¾ŃŃŅŅŠ° ŃŅ±ŃŠ°, Š¶Š°ŅŃŃŠ“Ń. (pronoun)
10. “*ŠŠ°Š½Š°ŃŃŅŃŃŅ£*” (Janaryk’s) ŃŠ¾Š±Ń Ó©Š¼ŃŃ Š¶Š°ŅŠ“Š°Š¹Š»Š°ŃŃŠ½ ŃŠ°Š»ŅŃŠ»Š°Š¹Š“Ń. (possessive pronoun)
2. “*ŠŠ»*” (He/She) ŠŗŅÆŠ½Ń Š¶Ņ±Š¼ŃŃŅŠ° ŠŗŠµŃŠµŠ“Ń, Š±ŃŃŠ°Ņ Š±Ņ±Š³ŃŠ½ Š“ŠµŠ¼Š°Š»ŃŃ ŠŗŠµŠ·ŃŠ½Š“Šµ. (pronoun)
3. “*ŠŃŠ·Š“ŃŅ£*” (Our) Š¼ŠµŠŗŃŠµŠ±ŃŠ¼ŃŠ· Š¶Š°ŅŃŃ Š¾ŅŃŃŃŠ»Š°ŃŅŠ° ŠøŠµ. (possessive pronoun)
4. “*ŠŅŠ·Š°Š¼ŃŠ¼*” (My brother) Š¾Š»Š°ŃŠ“Ń Š¶Š°ŃŃŃŃ ŅÆŃŃŠ½ ŠŗÓ©Š¼ŠµŠŗ ŠµŃŃŃ. (pronoun)
5. “*ŠŠµŠ½*” (I) ŠµŠ¼ŃŠøŃ Š°Š½ŅŠ° Š“Š°Š¹ŃŠ½Š“Š°Š»ŃŠ“Ń Š±Š°ŃŃŠ°Š“ŃŠ¼, ŃŠµŠ±ŠµŠ±Ń Š¾Š» Š±ŃŃŠ°Š· ŠŗŠµŠ¹ŃŠ½ Š±Š°ŃŃŠ°Š»Š°Ń. (pronoun)
6. “*ŠŠ³ŠµŃ*” (If) ŅŃŠ·ŃŅŃŠ°Š½ŃŃ Ó©ŃŃ ŠŗŠµŠ»ŃŠµ, Š±ŃŃŠ°Ņ ÓŠ»Ń Š“Š°Š¹ŃŠ½ ŠµŠ¼ŠµŃ. (conjunction)
7. “*ŠŠ¾ŃŃŠ¼*” (My friend) ŃŠ¾Š»ŅŠ° Š±Š°ŃŠ°Š“Ń, ŃŠµŠ±ŠµŠ±Ń Š¾Š» ŅŃŠ·ŃŅŃŃ. (pronoun)
8. “*ŠŠ½Š“Š°Š¹-Š°Ņ*” (Nevertheless) Š¾Š¹ŃŠ½ Š¾Š¹Š½Š°ŅŠ°Š½ŃŠ¼ ŅÆŃŃŠ½ ŠŠ°ŅŠ“Š°Š½ Š¼Š°ŅŠ°Š½ ŠŗŠµŃŃŃ. (conjunction)
9. “*ŠŠ°ŅŃŃŃŠ¼*” (My luck) Š½Š°Ņ£Š“Š°Š¹ ŅŠ¾ŃŃŅŅŠ° ŃŅ±ŃŠ°, Š¶Š°ŅŃŃŠ“Ń. (pronoun)
10. “*ŠŠ°Š½Š°ŃŃŅŃŃŅ£*” (Janaryk’s) ŃŠ¾Š±Ń Ó©Š¼ŃŃ Š¶Š°ŅŠ“Š°Š¹Š»Š°ŃŃŠ½ ŃŠ°Š»ŅŃŠ»Š°Š¹Š“Ń. (possessive pronoun)
Exercise 2: Correct Use of Conjunctions and Pronouns in Complex Sentences
1. “*Š”ŠµŠ±ŠµŠ±Ń*” (Because) Š¾Š» Š¼Š°ŅŠ°Š½ ŠŗÓ©Š¼ŠµŠŗ ŠŗÓ©ŃŃŠµŃŃŃ, Š¼ŠµŠ½ Š¾ŅŠ°Š½ Š¼ŃŠ½Š½ŠµŃŃŃŠ¼ŃŠ½. (conjunction)
2. “*ŠŃŃŠ°Ņ*” (However) ŃŠ¾Š» Š¶ŠµŃŠ“Šµ ŅÆŠ»Š³ŠµŃŃ Š¾ŃŃŠ½Š“Š°Š»Š¼Š°Š“Ń, Š¾Š» Š·Š°Ń ŃŠ°Š½ŃŠ¼ŃŠ·ŅŠ° ŅŠ°Š½Š° Š¶Š°ŃŠ°Š“Ń. (conjunction)
3. “*ŠŠ°ŃŃŠ°Š¼ŃŠ·*” (Our king) ŅŠ°Š·Š° ŃŠ°ŠæŅŠ°Š½ ŃŠ¾Ņ£, Š±Š°ŃŠ»ŃŅ ŠµŠ» Š°Š»Š°Ņ£Š“Š°ŃŃŃ. (pronoun)
4. “*ŠŅ±Š»*” (This) Š°ŃŃŃŅŃŃŠ»ŃŅ ŠµŠ¼ŠµŃ, Š¾Š» ŃŠµŠŗ ŃŃŠ½Š“ŃŅ. (pronoun)
5. “*ŠŠ»Š°ŃŅŠ°*” (To them) Š¾Š¹ŃŠ½ Š¾Š¹Š½Š°ŅŠ°Š½Š“Ń Ņ±Š¼ŃŃŠæŠ°, Š“Š¾ŃŃŠ¼ Š±Š¾Š»Ń ŠŗŠµŃŠµŠŗ. (pronoun)
6. “*Š¢ŠµŠŗ*” (Only) Ó©ŃŠŗŠµŠ½ Š°ŠæŃŠ°Š“Š° Š°ŃŃŅ, Š¼ŠµŠ½ ŠµŠ½Š“Ń ŅŠ°Š½Š“Š°Š¹ Š±Š¾Š»Ń ŠŗŠµŃŠµŠŗ ŠµŠŗŠµŠ½ŃŠ¼Ń Š±ŃŠ»Š¼ŠµŠ¹Š“ŃŠ¼. (conjunction)
7. “*ŠŃŠ·Š±ŠµŠ½*” (With us) Š±Š¾Š»Š°ŃŃŠ½ Š±Š°ŃŠ»ŃŅ Š¶Ó©Š½Š“ŠµŃŠ“Ń Š¶Š¾ŃŠæŠ°ŃŠ»Š°ŅŠ°Š½ ŠµŠ“ŃŠŗ. (pronoun)
8. “*ŠŠµŠ½ŃŅ£*” (My) ŅŃŠ·ŃŠ¼ Š°Š»ŅŠ°ŃŅŃ ŅŠ°ŃŃŠ½Š°ŃŃŠ½ Š¾ŃŠ½Š°ŃŃŅŠ° ŅŠ°Š¹ŃŠ°ŃŃŃ Š±Š¾Š»Š°Ń ŠµŠ“Ń. (pronoun)
9. “*ŠŠ³ŠµŃ*” (If) Š¾Š» Š±ŃŠ·Š³Šµ ŅŠ¾ŃŃŠ»ŃŠ°, Š±ŃŠ· ŃŠ¾Š±ŃŠ¼ŃŠ·Š“Ń ŅŠ°Š»ŠæŃŠ½Š° ŠŗŠµŠ»ŃŃŃŠµ Š°Š»Š°Ń ŠµŠ“ŃŠŗ. (conjunction)
10. “*Š¢Š°Š±ŠøŅŠ°ŃŃŃŅ£*” (Nature’s) ŠŗÓ©ŃŠŗŠµŠ¼Š“ŃŠŗŃŠµŃŃ ŅŃŠ·ŃŅŃŃ Š»Š°Ņ£ŠŗŠµŃŃŠµŃŠ³Šµ Š°Š¹Š½Š°Š»ŃŠæ Š¾ŃŃŃŠ“Ń. (possessive pronoun)
2. “*ŠŃŃŠ°Ņ*” (However) ŃŠ¾Š» Š¶ŠµŃŠ“Šµ ŅÆŠ»Š³ŠµŃŃ Š¾ŃŃŠ½Š“Š°Š»Š¼Š°Š“Ń, Š¾Š» Š·Š°Ń ŃŠ°Š½ŃŠ¼ŃŠ·ŅŠ° ŅŠ°Š½Š° Š¶Š°ŃŠ°Š“Ń. (conjunction)
3. “*ŠŠ°ŃŃŠ°Š¼ŃŠ·*” (Our king) ŅŠ°Š·Š° ŃŠ°ŠæŅŠ°Š½ ŃŠ¾Ņ£, Š±Š°ŃŠ»ŃŅ ŠµŠ» Š°Š»Š°Ņ£Š“Š°ŃŃŃ. (pronoun)
4. “*ŠŅ±Š»*” (This) Š°ŃŃŃŅŃŃŠ»ŃŅ ŠµŠ¼ŠµŃ, Š¾Š» ŃŠµŠŗ ŃŃŠ½Š“ŃŅ. (pronoun)
5. “*ŠŠ»Š°ŃŅŠ°*” (To them) Š¾Š¹ŃŠ½ Š¾Š¹Š½Š°ŅŠ°Š½Š“Ń Ņ±Š¼ŃŃŠæŠ°, Š“Š¾ŃŃŠ¼ Š±Š¾Š»Ń ŠŗŠµŃŠµŠŗ. (pronoun)
6. “*Š¢ŠµŠŗ*” (Only) Ó©ŃŠŗŠµŠ½ Š°ŠæŃŠ°Š“Š° Š°ŃŃŅ, Š¼ŠµŠ½ ŠµŠ½Š“Ń ŅŠ°Š½Š“Š°Š¹ Š±Š¾Š»Ń ŠŗŠµŃŠµŠŗ ŠµŠŗŠµŠ½ŃŠ¼Ń Š±ŃŠ»Š¼ŠµŠ¹Š“ŃŠ¼. (conjunction)
7. “*ŠŃŠ·Š±ŠµŠ½*” (With us) Š±Š¾Š»Š°ŃŃŠ½ Š±Š°ŃŠ»ŃŅ Š¶Ó©Š½Š“ŠµŃŠ“Ń Š¶Š¾ŃŠæŠ°ŃŠ»Š°ŅŠ°Š½ ŠµŠ“ŃŠŗ. (pronoun)
8. “*ŠŠµŠ½ŃŅ£*” (My) ŅŃŠ·ŃŠ¼ Š°Š»ŅŠ°ŃŅŃ ŅŠ°ŃŃŠ½Š°ŃŃŠ½ Š¾ŃŠ½Š°ŃŃŅŠ° ŅŠ°Š¹ŃŠ°ŃŃŃ Š±Š¾Š»Š°Ń ŠµŠ“Ń. (pronoun)
9. “*ŠŠ³ŠµŃ*” (If) Š¾Š» Š±ŃŠ·Š³Šµ ŅŠ¾ŃŃŠ»ŃŠ°, Š±ŃŠ· ŃŠ¾Š±ŃŠ¼ŃŠ·Š“Ń ŅŠ°Š»ŠæŃŠ½Š° ŠŗŠµŠ»ŃŃŃŠµ Š°Š»Š°Ń ŠµŠ“ŃŠŗ. (conjunction)
10. “*Š¢Š°Š±ŠøŅŠ°ŃŃŃŅ£*” (Nature’s) ŠŗÓ©ŃŠŗŠµŠ¼Š“ŃŠŗŃŠµŃŃ ŅŃŠ·ŃŅŃŃ Š»Š°Ņ£ŠŗŠµŃŃŠµŃŠ³Šµ Š°Š¹Š½Š°Š»ŃŠæ Š¾ŃŃŃŠ“Ń. (possessive pronoun)