Morphology of Present Perfect Progressive

To begin with, it is essential to understand the morphological structure of the Present Perfect Progressive tense in Estonian. It is formed by combining the auxiliary verb ‘olema’ (to be) in its Present tense form with the ‘nud-participle’ of the main verb, which is derived by adding the ‘-nud’ suffix to the verb stem. The following is a step-by-step guide on how to form the Present Perfect Progressive tense:

1. Identify the verb stem by removing the infinitive marker ‘-ma’ or ‘-da’ from the infinitive form.
2. Add the suffix ‘-nud’ to the verb stem to form the ‘nud-participle’.
3. Use the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb ‘olema’ according to the subject in Present tense.
4. Combine the auxiliary verb and ‘nud-participle’ to create the Present Perfect Progressive tense.

Let’s take a look at some examples to better understand the formation of the Present Perfect Progressive tense:

– Sööma (to eat)
1. Verb stem: Söö
2. ‘Nud-participle’: Söönud
3. Auxiliary verb, ‘olema’: Olen (I), Oled (You), On (He/She/It), Oleme (We), Olete (You plural), On (They)
4. Present Perfect Progressive: Olen söönud, Oled söönud, On söönud, Oleme söönud, Olete söönud, On söönud

– Lugema (to read)
1. Verb stem: Luge
2. ‘Nud-participle’: Lugenud
3. Auxiliary verb, ‘olema’: Olen (I), Oled (You), On (He/She/It), Oleme (We), Olete (You plural), On (They)
4. Present Perfect Progressive: Olen lugenud, Oled lugenud, On lugenud, Oleme lugenud, Olete lugenud, On lugenud

Usage of Present Perfect Progressive in Estonian

The primary function of the Present Perfect Progressive tense in Estonian grammar is to describe an ongoing action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. It emphasizes the duration and continuity of the action, rather than merely its completion. Here are some examples to demonstrate the usage of the Present Perfect Progressive tense in Estonian:

1. Olen raamatut lugenud juba kaks tundi. – I have been reading the book for two hours already.
2. Olete viimasel ajal palju töötanud. – You have been working a lot lately.
3. Ta on selle projekti kallal vaeva näinud mitu nädalat. – He/she has been putting effort into this project for several weeks.

In summary, the Present Perfect Progressive tense in Estonian grammar is a crucial aspect that learners should master in order to achieve fluency in the language. Understanding its morphological structure and usage will significantly enhance one’s ability to communicate effectively and accurately in Estonian.