Estonian Infinitives: Navigating the Forms

In the Estonian language, there are four primary forms of infinitives, each serving a distinct purpose within the structure of a sentence.

First Infinitive (Ma-infinitive)

The first infinitive is characterized by the “-ma” or “-da” suffix, and describes the basic form of the verb. This form also carries the meaning of “to do” or “to be” in English. It is crucial to note that the first infinitive is not influenced by tense or mood.

Examples:
Jooksma – “to run”
Sööma – “to eat”

Second Infinitive (Da-infinitive)

The second infinitive employs the “-des/-tud” or “-nud” suffix and typically indicates the result of a completed action. Similar to the English gerund ending in -ing, it can be used as an adverb or adjective.

Examples:
Jookstes – “while running”
Söödud – “eaten” (as an adjective)

Third Infinitive (Ma-keskmine-infinitive)

The third infinitive form ends with “-mas/-tama/-nema” and is less commonly used in comparison to the other forms. It signifies the passive voice or suggests a continuous action.

Examples:
Jooksmas – “being run” (as a passive voice)
Söötamas – “feeding” (indicating a continuous action)

Fourth Infinitive (Nu-infinitive)

The fourth infinitive takes the form of “-ma/-da” followed by the suffix “-mine/-mise/-k”, forming a noun that characterizes a specific action.

Examples:
Jooksmine – “running”
Söömine – “eating”

Incorporating Infinitives in Sentences

Estonian infinitives can be used in a variety of contexts within a sentence. From expressing purpose to conveying passive voice, they contribute to the intricate framework of the language.

Expressing Purpose

In Estonian, the first and second infinitives often indicate the purpose of an action.

Examples:
Ta õpib juhtima – “He/She is learning to drive” (using first infinitive)
Mina tulen sind aitama – “I come to help you” (using second infinitive)

Conveying Necessity or Obligation

When denoting necessity or obligation, the first and fourth infinitives are most commonly employed in Estonian.

Examples:
Pead sööma – “You have to eat” (using first infinitive)
Ujumine on vajalik – “Swimming is necessary” (using fourth infinitive)

Conclusion

A comprehensive understanding of infinitives in Estonian grammar is crucial for mastering the language. The four primary forms, each with their unique functions and suffixes, offer a rich linguistic palette for conveying meaning and intent. Learning to incorporate infinitives into various contexts within sentences allows for a deeper grasp of Estonian language structure and enhances one’s ability to communicate with clarity and nuance.