Coordinating Conjunctions

In Finnish, coordinating conjunctions join words and phrases of equal importance in a sentence. Common coordinating conjunctions include:

• Ja – and
• Tai – or
• Mutta – but
• Eli – that is, i.e.

These conjunctions can also connect entire clauses, as illustrated in the examples below:

• He haluavat mennä elokuviin ja syömään. – They want to go to the movies and eat.
• Hän on opiskelija tai opettaja. – He is a student or a teacher.
• Pidän matkustamisesta mutta en ole koskaan käynyt ulkomailla. – I like traveling but have never been abroad.
• Auringonpaiste eli valoisuus piristää ihmistä. – Sunshine, that is, brightness, cheers people up.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions in Finnish introduce dependent clauses and link them to independent clauses. Typically, dependent clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions provide additional information about the main clause. Common subordinating conjunctions include:

• Kun – when
• Jos – if
• Vaikka – although, even though
• Koska – because, since
• Sillä – for, because (used in more formal language)

Examples of subordinating conjunctions in sentences:

• Hän osti uuden auton, kun vanha rikkoutui. – He bought a new car when the old one broke.
• Jos sataa huomenna, emme mene ulos. – If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go outside.
• Hän meni töihin, vaikka oli sairas. – She went to work, although she was sick.
• Tulen myöhään kotiin, koska on kokous. – I’m coming home late because there’s a meeting.
• He pitivät juhlat, sillä he halusivat juhlia menestystään. – They held a party for they wanted to celebrate their success.

Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjunctive adverbs provide a link between clauses or sentences by expressing relationships such as cause and effect, contrast, and sequence. Some commonly used conjunctive adverbs in Finnish are:

• Siksi – therefore
• Siten – thus, in that way
• Kuitenkin – however
• Lisäksi – in addition, moreover
• Siis – so, in other words

These conjunctive adverbs can also be used in conjunction with coordinating conjunctions for added emphasis and clarity in the sentence structure:

• Hän oli sairas ja siksi ei tullut töihin. – She was sick and therefore didn’t come to work.
• Tämä kirja on hyvä mutta kuitenkin raskaslukuinen. – This book is good but, however, difficult to read.
• Jos haluat menestyä, sinun täytyy työskennellä kovasti ja lisäksi oppia uusia taitoja. – If you want to succeed, you must work hard and, in addition, learn new skills.

In conclusion, understanding conjunctions in Finnish grammar is crucial towards building complex sentences and conveying ideas effectively. Recognizing the various types of conjunctions, such as coordinating, subordinating, and conjunctive adverbs, allows for more accurate and nuanced expression in the Finnish language.