Icelandic grammar is known for its intricacies and unique characteristics. One key aspect of the language is the formation of complex sentences. Constructing complex sentences in Icelandic involves the use of various types of clauses, conjunctions, and proper word order to convey meaning accurately and effectively.

Types of Clauses in Icelandic

To build complex sentences, it is essential to understand the types of clauses in Icelandic grammar. There are two primary categories of clauses:

1. Independent Clauses: These provide a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. They contain a subject and a finite verb. For example: Hann les bókina (He reads the book).

2. Dependent Clauses: These cannot stand alone and must be attached to an independent clause to generate a complete thought. They are typically introduced by a subordinating conjunction. For example: Ég hlakka til að sjá þig (I look forward to seeing you). In this example, ‘að sjá þig’ is a dependent clause.

Formation of Complex Sentences with Conjunctions

Complex sentences in Icelandic grammar can be formed by connecting one or more dependent clauses to an independent clause using conjunctions. Common conjunctions include:

1. Að (that, to): Use this conjunction to introduce an infinitive verb.
2. Til að (in order to): Use this conjunction to express purpose or intent.
3. Þegar (when, as soon as): Use this conjunction to introduce a temporal clause.
4. Þó að (although, even though): Use this conjunction to introduce a concessive clause.

Word Order in Complex Sentences

The proper word order is vital in forming complex sentences in Icelandic. Two different word orders are used in Icelandic complex sentences:

1. Main Clause Word Order: In an independent clause, the subject typically comes before the verb, followed by an object or complement.

For example: Ég keypti nýja skó. (I bought new shoes).
Subject: Ég (I)
Verb: keypti (bought)
Object: nýja skó. (new shoes)

2. Dependent Clause Word Order: In a dependent clause, the word order can vary based on the type of conjunction used. In most cases, the subject appears immediately after the subordinating conjunction, followed by the verb and any additional elements.

For example: Ég hélt að þú mælir með þessari bók. (I thought that you recommended this book).
Conj. + Subject: þú (you)
Verb: mælir (recommended)

Relative Clauses in Complex Sentences

Relative clauses are a vital aspect of the complex sentence structure in Icelandic grammar. They provide additional information about a noun or pronoun and are introduced by relative pronouns like ‘sem’ (which, that) or ‘er’ (who, which):

For example: Kona, sem ég sá í bókasafninu, var málfræðingur. (The woman I saw in the library was a linguist).
Subject: Kona (woman)
Relative pronoun: sem (that)
Dependent clause: ég sá í bókasafninu (I saw in the library)

By mastering the use of clauses, conjunctions, and proper word order in Icelandic grammar, you can effectively construct complex sentences that accurately and effectively convey meaning in the Icelandic language.