The Origins of Bokmål and Nynorsk
Bokmål: The Book Language
Bokmål, which translates to “book language,” is the more widely used of the two written standards. Its roots trace back to Danish rule over Norway, which lasted for centuries. During this period, Danish was the official language of administration, literature, and education. After Norway gained independence in the 19th century, Bokmål developed from written Danish, gradually incorporating Norwegian vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar.
Nynorsk: The New Norwegian
Nynorsk, meaning “new Norwegian,” was constructed in the mid-1800s by linguist Ivar Aasen. He traveled around Norway, collecting dialects from rural areas to create a written standard that reflected the country’s native linguistic heritage, rather than the influence of Danish. As a result, Nynorsk is based more closely on traditional Norwegian dialects, especially those from western and central Norway.
Main Differences Between Bokmål and Nynorsk
Vocabulary and Spelling
One of the most noticeable differences is in vocabulary and spelling. Bokmål often uses words and spellings that resemble Danish, while Nynorsk favors forms found in Norwegian dialects. For example:
- Bokmål: “bok” (book), “hus” (house), “vindu” (window)
- Nynorsk: “bok”, “hus”, “vindauge”
As seen above, some words are the same, but others, like “vindu” (Bokmål) vs. “vindauge” (Nynorsk) for “window,” differ.
Grammar and Syntax
Nynorsk’s grammar often reflects spoken Norwegian more closely, and it typically uses more inflections and distinct verb endings. For instance, Bokmål uses the definite plural ending “-ene” (bøkene – the books), while Nynorsk uses “-ane” (bøkene – the books). These differences can affect how sentences are constructed and how words change form.
Usage and Prevalence
Bokmål is by far the dominant written standard in Norway, used by about 85-90% of the population and in most newspapers, books, and official documents. Nynorsk is used by approximately 10-15% of Norwegians, particularly in western regions and some parts of central Norway. In schools, students learn both forms, but each municipality can choose which to emphasize.
Which Should You Learn: Bokmål or Nynorsk?
Bokmål: The Practical Choice
For most learners, Bokmål is the logical starting point. It is more widely used in business, media, and daily life. If your goal is to communicate effectively in Norway, read Norwegian literature, or work in a Norwegian-speaking environment, Bokmål will open the most doors. Learning resources, such as textbooks, apps, and online courses (including those offered by Talkpal), predominantly focus on Bokmål.
Nynorsk: For Dialect Lovers and Cultural Enthusiasts
If you have a particular interest in rural Norway, its dialects, or plan to live or work in regions where Nynorsk is prevalent, learning Nynorsk could be valuable. It offers a deeper connection to Norway’s linguistic heritage and is respected for its preservation of authentic Norwegian speech. Some learners also find that knowing both standards enhances their understanding of Norwegian dialects and culture.
Learning Both: Is It Necessary?
Most foreigners learning Norwegian choose Bokmål, but having a basic understanding of Nynorsk can be helpful, especially for academic or professional reasons. Norwegian schoolchildren study both standards, so exposure to Nynorsk is common in Norway. However, fluency in both is not a requirement for everyday conversation or most jobs.
Conclusion: Making the Right Choice for Your Norwegian Journey
Choosing between Bokmål and Nynorsk depends on your personal interests and goals. For most learners, Bokmål is the most practical and widely applicable option. However, understanding the existence and significance of Nynorsk enriches your appreciation of Norwegian culture and language diversity. No matter which form you choose, resources like Talkpal can help you on your journey to mastering Norwegian. Happy learning!
