Pamplona, the capital city of the Navarra region in northern Spain, is world-renowned for its San Fermín festival, a vibrant and exhilarating celebration that takes place every July. This week-long event, popularized by Ernest Hemingway’s novel “The Sun Also Rises,” attracts tourists from all over the globe. Known for its iconic running of the bulls, or “encierro,” the fiesta is a treasure trove of Spanish culture and offers a fantastic opportunity to immerse oneself in the local language and traditions. Understanding the specific vocabulary associated with the festival can enhance your experience and appreciation of this unique cultural event. This article will guide you through some essential terms and phrases that will help you navigate Pamplona’s Fiesta with confidence and flair.

Key Vocabulary for San Fermín

Fiesta and Celebrations

The word “fiesta” itself means “festival” or “party” in Spanish, and it is a term you will frequently hear throughout your time in Pamplona. While “fiesta” is a general term for any celebration, San Fermín has its own unique lexicon that you’ll need to familiarize yourself with.

Encierro: This is perhaps the most famous aspect of the San Fermín festival. “Encierro” refers to the running of the bulls, where participants sprint through the streets of Pamplona ahead of a group of bulls. It is a thrilling and dangerous event that takes place every morning of the festival at 8:00 am.

Txupinazo: The “txupinazo” marks the official start of the San Fermín festival. It is a ceremonial rocket launch that takes place at noon on July 6th from the balcony of the Town Hall. The crowd gathers in the Plaza Consistorial to witness this event, which is accompanied by a lot of shouting, music, and festivity.

Procesión: The “procesión” is a religious procession that honors San Fermín, the patron saint of Pamplona. It takes place on July 7th and includes a statue of San Fermín being carried through the streets, accompanied by clergy, local officials, and musical bands.

Riau-Riau: This is a traditional dance that was originally part of the procession but is now celebrated as a separate event. Participants dance through the streets to the rhythm of a specific tune, creating a lively and joyful atmosphere.

Participants and Spectators

Understanding the terminology used to describe the people involved in the festival is also crucial.

Mozo/a: This term refers to the young men and women who participate in the running of the bulls. “Mozos” are typically dressed in white with red scarves and sashes, known as “pañuelos” and “fajas” respectively.

Corredor/a: While “mozo” is a more general term, “corredor” specifically refers to the runners who take part in the encierro. “Corredores” must be over 18 years old and are advised to have a good level of physical fitness due to the dangerous nature of the event.

Espectador/a: These are the spectators who come to watch the various events of the festival. Whether they are locals or tourists, “espectadores” play a significant role in creating the festive atmosphere.

Essential Phrases and Expressions

To truly engage with the locals and immerse yourself in the San Fermín festivities, it helps to know some key phrases and expressions.

¡Viva San Fermín!: This is a common cheer you will hear throughout the festival. It means “Long live San Fermín!” and is a way for people to express their enthusiasm and reverence for the patron saint.

¡Gora San Fermín!: Similar to “¡Viva San Fermín!”, this phrase is in the Basque language, Euskara, which is also spoken in the Navarra region. It also means “Long live San Fermín!”

¡A correr!: This phrase means “Let’s run!” and is often shouted by participants of the encierro just before the bulls are released.

¡Cuidado!: Meaning “Watch out!” or “Be careful!”, this is an important word to know, especially if you are participating in the encierro or navigating through crowded areas.

¡Olé!: This exclamation is used to express approval or excitement, similar to “Bravo!” in English. You will hear it often during the festival, especially during performances and bullfights.

Food and Drink

No festival is complete without delicious food and drink, and San Fermín is no exception. Knowing the vocabulary related to the local cuisine will enhance your culinary experience.

Pinchos: Also known as “pintxos” in Basque, these are small snacks or appetizers typically served in bars. They are similar to tapas and are an essential part of the San Fermín culinary experience.

Chistorra: This is a type of fresh sausage from the Navarra region. It is usually grilled or fried and is a popular snack during the festival.

Calimocho: A popular drink among the younger crowd, “calimocho” is a mix of red wine and cola. It is refreshing and easy to make, making it a favorite for outdoor celebrations.

Sangría: This is a well-known Spanish drink made from red wine, fruit juices, soda water, fruit, and sometimes brandy. It is a staple at many Spanish fiestas, including San Fermín.

Zurracapote: Similar to sangría, “zurracapote” is a traditional drink from the Navarra region. It is made with red wine, fruit, sugar, and spices and is often prepared in large quantities for festivals.

Safety and Etiquette

Participating in San Fermín requires not only enthusiasm but also awareness of safety and etiquette. Knowing the relevant vocabulary can help you stay safe and show respect for local customs.

Desembarque: This term refers to the area where the bulls are unloaded before the encierro. It is important to stay clear of this area unless you are a participant.

Corral: The “corral” is the enclosure where the bulls are kept before they are released for the encierro. Only authorized personnel are allowed in this area.

Pastores: These are the experienced individuals who guide and manage the bulls during the encierro. They play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of both the animals and the participants.

Consejos: These are the guidelines or advice given to participants to ensure their safety. It is important to follow the “consejos” provided by the organizers and experienced runners.

Respeto: Respect for the local customs, traditions, and people is paramount. Whether you are a participant or a spectator, showing “respeto” ensures that everyone can enjoy the festival harmoniously.

Local Customs and Traditions

Understanding the local customs and traditions will deepen your appreciation of the San Fermín festival.

Ropa Blanca: Wearing white clothing with a red scarf and sash is a tradition during San Fermín. The white symbolizes purity, while the red represents the blood of San Fermín, who was martyred.

Gigantes y Cabezudos: These are giant puppets and big-headed figures that parade through the streets during the festival. They are a beloved part of the celebrations and are especially popular with children.

Peñas: These are social clubs or groups that play a significant role in the festival. “Peñas” organize various events, provide music, and contribute to the lively atmosphere of San Fermín.

Comparsa: This term refers to a group of musicians, dancers, or performers who participate in the parades and other festivities. “Comparsas” add to the vibrant and colorful nature of the festival.

Txaranga: A “txaranga” is a brass band that plays lively music during the festival. These bands are often associated with “peñas” and are a key part of the San Fermín experience.

Engaging with Locals

Interacting with locals can greatly enhance your experience of the San Fermín festival. Here are some useful phrases to help you engage with the people of Pamplona.

¿Cómo estás?: This means “How are you?” and is a friendly way to start a conversation.

¿Me puedes ayudar?: Meaning “Can you help me?”, this phrase can be useful if you need assistance or directions.

¿Dónde está…?: This means “Where is…?” and can help you find specific locations or events.

¡Gracias!: A simple “Thank you!” goes a long way in showing appreciation and politeness.

¡Disfruta!: This means “Enjoy!” and is a common way to wish someone a good time during the festival.

The Bullfights

Bullfighting is a controversial yet integral part of the San Fermín festival. Understanding the vocabulary related to this tradition can help you better comprehend the events and discussions surrounding it.

Corrida de Toros: This is the term for a bullfight, where matadors face off against bulls in an arena. The “corrida de toros” is a highly ritualized event with deep cultural significance in Spain.

Matador: The matador is the main performer in a bullfight, responsible for killing the bull. It requires a high level of skill, bravery, and showmanship.

Torero: This is a more general term for a bullfighter and can include matadors, picadors, and banderilleros.

Picador: A “picador” is a horse-mounted bullfighter who uses a lance to weaken the bull during the initial stages of the fight.

Banderillero: These are bullfighters who place “banderillas” (decorated barbed sticks) into the bull to further weaken and anger it before the final act by the matador.

Plaza de Toros: This is the bullring where the bullfights take place. Pamplona’s “Plaza de Toros” is one of the most famous in Spain and can hold thousands of spectators.

Faena: This term refers to the series of passes made by the matador with his cape to maneuver the bull into position for the final kill.

Estoque: The “estoque” is the sword used by the matador to deliver the final blow to the bull.

Conclusion

The San Fermín festival in Pamplona is a rich tapestry of culture, tradition, and excitement. By familiarizing yourself with the key vocabulary and phrases associated with the event, you can deepen your understanding and appreciation of this unique celebration. Whether you are running with the bulls, enjoying the parades, or savoring the local cuisine, your experience will be enriched by your ability to communicate and engage with the locals. So don your white clothes, tie your red scarf, and immerse yourself in the vibrant world of San Fermín. ¡Viva San Fermín!