Bullfighting, or “la corrida de toros” in Spanish, is a traditional spectacle in Spain, Portugal, southern France, and several Latin American countries. It is a captivating blend of art, sport, and ritual, dating back centuries. For language learners, understanding the specialized terminology of bullfighting can offer valuable insights into both the culture and the language. This article delves into the key terms and concepts associated with bullfighting, providing a comprehensive guide for those intrigued by this historic practice.
Basic Terms in Bullfighting
Before diving into the more complex aspects of bullfighting, it’s essential to grasp some of the fundamental terms. These words form the backbone of the bullfighting lexicon and will help you better understand the more intricate details discussed later.
Torero: The general term for a bullfighter. This includes matadors, picadors, and banderilleros.
Matador: The main bullfighter whose role is to ultimately kill the bull. The word “matador” translates to “killer” in English.
Novillero: A bullfighter who is in training and fights younger bulls, known as “novillos.”
Picador: A mounted bullfighter who uses a lance to weaken the bull during the first stage of the fight.
Banderillero: A bullfighter on foot who places barbed sticks called “banderillas” into the bull’s shoulders.
Plaza de toros: The bullring where the event takes place. These arenas are often architecturally striking and steeped in history.
Traje de luces: The traditional “suit of lights” worn by bullfighters, known for its elaborate embroidery and vibrant colors.
The Structure of a Bullfight
A bullfight, or “corrida,” is meticulously structured and divided into three distinct acts, each with its own set of responsibilities and specific terminology.
Act One: Tercio de Varas
The first act is called the “Tercio de Varas” (third of lances). During this phase, the picadors enter the ring on horseback, armed with long lances.
Capote: The large, magenta and gold cape used by the matador and his team to manipulate the bull’s movements.
Varas: The lances used by the picadors to weaken the bull’s neck muscles, making it less dangerous in later stages.
Puya: The steel tip of the lance used by the picadors. The puya is designed to penetrate the bull’s thick hide and muscle.
Act Two: Tercio de Banderillas
The second act is the “Tercio de Banderillas” (third of banderillas). This phase involves the banderilleros placing the banderillas into the bull.
Banderillas: Colorful, barbed sticks that are thrust into the bull’s shoulders. These are intended to further weaken the bull and make it raise its head.
Quiebro: A maneuver where the banderillero dodges the bull at the last moment while placing the banderillas.
Citar: The act of calling the bull to charge, crucial for timing the placement of the banderillas.
Act Three: Tercio de Muerte
The final act is the “Tercio de Muerte” (third of death), during which the matador re-enters the ring for the final confrontation with the bull.
Muleta: A smaller red cape used by the matador in the final act. It is instrumental in the series of passes that lead to the bull’s demise.
Estocada: The final sword thrust aimed at killing the bull. The matador aims for a spot between the bull’s shoulder blades to sever the aorta or heart.
Descabello: A secondary method of killing the bull by severing its spinal cord, used if the estocada does not succeed.
Key Techniques and Movements
Bullfighting is not just about brute strength; it requires a high degree of skill, precision, and artistry. Here are some of the key techniques and movements that are integral to a successful bullfight.
Verónica: One of the most iconic moves, where the matador swings the cape slowly while standing still, allowing the bull to pass closely by.
Derechazo: A right-handed pass with the muleta, often performed in a series to demonstrate control over the bull.
Natural: A left-handed pass with the muleta, considered more difficult and therefore more prestigious.
Trinchera: A low pass with the muleta, where the matador kneels down slightly, forcing the bull to lower its head.
Faena: The series of passes performed by the matador during the final act. The quality of the faena is often the determining factor in the awarding of trophies.
Awards and Trophies
Successful bullfighters can earn various awards and trophies based on their performance. These awards are typically granted by the president of the bullring, who is an official responsible for maintaining the integrity of the event.
Oreja: An ear of the bull, awarded for a good performance. One ear indicates a very good performance, while two ears indicate an exceptional one.
Rabo: The tail of the bull, awarded for an extraordinary performance. This is a rare and highly prestigious accolade.
Vuelta al ruedo: A lap around the ring, taken by the matador to acknowledge the applause and admiration of the crowd.
Puerta grande: The “big door” or main gate of the bullring, through which the matador is carried on the shoulders of the crowd if he has given an outstanding performance.
The Bull: El Toro Bravo
The bull itself, known as “el toro bravo,” is a crucial element of the spectacle. These bulls are specially bred for their courage, strength, and fighting spirit.
Ganadería: The ranch where fighting bulls are bred. Each ganadería has its own unique bloodline and characteristics.
Encaste: The specific breeding line or strain of fighting bulls. Different encastes have different temperaments and physical characteristics.
Trapío: The physical appearance and presence of the bull, including its size, musculature, and overall bearing.
Bravura: The bravery and fighting spirit of the bull. Bulls with high bravura are highly prized for their willingness to charge and fight.
The Cultural Significance of Bullfighting
Bullfighting is deeply embedded in the cultural fabric of the regions where it is practiced. Understanding its cultural significance can provide valuable context for the specialized terminology.
Fiesta brava: Literally “brave festival,” a term that encapsulates the cultural and festive atmosphere surrounding bullfighting events.
Peña: A fan club or association that supports bullfighters and organizes events related to bullfighting.
Feria: A local festival or fair that often includes bullfighting as a central attraction. These events are significant cultural gatherings.
Toril: The bullpen where the bulls are kept before they are released into the ring. The toril is often a place of great anticipation and tension.
Contemporary Issues and Debates
While bullfighting is a time-honored tradition, it is not without its controversies. Understanding the contemporary issues and debates surrounding bullfighting can provide a more nuanced perspective.
Antitaurino: A person or movement opposed to bullfighting. The antitaurino movement has gained momentum in recent years, advocating for animal rights and ethical considerations.
Protaurino: A person or movement in favor of bullfighting, often emphasizing its cultural and historical significance.
Regulación: The regulations governing bullfighting, which can vary significantly between different countries and regions. These regulations aim to ensure the safety of both the bullfighters and the bulls.
Prohibición: The prohibition or banning of bullfighting, which has been implemented in certain regions. For example, bullfighting is banned in the Spanish region of Catalonia.
Conclusion
Exploring bullfighters’ terminology offers a fascinating glimpse into a complex and multifaceted tradition. From the basic terms and structure of a bullfight to the intricate techniques and cultural significance, understanding this specialized vocabulary can enhance your appreciation of the art and sport of bullfighting. Whether you are a language learner, a cultural enthusiast, or simply curious, delving into the world of bullfighting terminology is a rewarding endeavor. As you expand your linguistic horizons, you’ll also gain deeper insights into the rich cultural tapestry that makes bullfighting a unique and enduring spectacle.
