The Basics of Dry Stone Walling

Dry stone walling is an art that requires a deep understanding of stone properties and construction techniques. Unlike modern masonry, which relies heavily on cement or mortar to bind stones together, dry stone walling uses the stones’ natural shapes and gravity to create stable structures. The following terms are essential for anyone interested in this craft.

Stone Selection

The first step in dry stone walling is selecting the right stones. Stones come in various shapes, sizes, and types, each with unique characteristics. Here are some key terms related to stone selection:

Fieldstone: These are stones naturally found in fields and are often irregular in shape. They are commonly used in dry stone walling due to their availability and natural appearance.

Quarried Stone: Unlike fieldstone, quarried stones are extracted from quarries and often cut into specific shapes and sizes. They offer more uniformity, which can be advantageous for certain types of walls.

Rubble: This term refers to rough, irregular stones that are typically used for the core of the wall, where appearance is less critical.

Facing Stones: These are the stones that form the visible surface of the wall. They are carefully selected for their shape and appearance.

Through Stones: Also known as “tie stones,” these are longer stones that extend through the entire width of the wall, providing additional stability.

Construction Techniques

Building a dry stone wall involves several steps, each with its own set of terms. Understanding these terms will help you appreciate the complexity and skill involved in the craft.

Foundation: The base layer of the wall, typically consisting of larger stones that provide a stable footing for the structure.

Bedding Stones: These stones are placed horizontally on the foundation layer and form the first visible course of the wall.

Courses: A course is a single horizontal layer of stones. Dry stone walls are built course by course, with each layer carefully placed on top of the previous one.

Hearting: This term refers to the smaller stones and rubble used to fill gaps between the larger facing stones. Proper hearting is crucial for the wall’s stability.

Copestones: Also known as “capping stones,” these are the stones placed on the top of the wall to protect it from weather and provide a finished appearance.

Batter: The inward slope of the wall’s face. A slight batter helps the wall resist pressure and remain stable over time.

Specialized Tools and Equipment

While dry stone walling relies heavily on manual skill, several specialized tools and pieces of equipment are essential for the craft. Knowing these terms will help you understand the practical aspects of wall building.

Walling Hammer: A versatile tool used for shaping stones and driving them into place. It typically has a flat face on one side and a pointed or chisel-like end on the other.

Chisels: Various types of chisels are used to shape stones. Common types include the pitching chisel, used for rough shaping, and the point chisel, used for more detailed work.

Line and Pins: These are used to ensure the wall is built straight and level. The line is a string stretched between two pins placed at either end of the wall section being built.

Plumb Bob: A weight suspended from a string, used to check the vertical alignment of the wall.

Spirit Level: A tool used to check the horizontal alignment of the courses.

Regional Variations

Dry stone walling techniques and styles can vary significantly across different regions of the UK. Understanding these regional terms can provide deeper insight into the craft’s diversity.

Cotswold Walls: Known for their distinctive yellow limestone, Cotswold walls often feature a double wall construction with a rubble core.

Galloway Dykes: Found in Scotland, these walls are typically built with large, flat stones and have a distinctive “herringbone” pattern in the hearting.

Lake District Walls: Built with slate and other local stones, these walls often have a more irregular appearance due to the varied shapes of the stones used.

Preservation and Restoration

Maintaining and restoring dry stone walls is an important aspect of the craft. Several terms are associated with these activities.

Repointing: Although dry stone walls do not use mortar, repointing can refer to the process of repositioning or replacing stones that have shifted or fallen out of place.

Rebuilding: In some cases, sections of a wall may need to be completely dismantled and rebuilt. This involves carefully removing and resetting the stones to restore the wall’s integrity.

Consolidation: This term refers to reinforcing a wall without completely rebuilding it. It may involve adding new stones to fill gaps or provide additional support.

Cultural and Historical Significance

Dry stone walls are not just functional structures; they also hold cultural and historical significance. Learning the terms related to this aspect of the craft can enrich your understanding of its importance.

Boundary Walls: Many dry stone walls were originally built to mark property boundaries. These walls often have historical significance, as they reflect ancient land divisions.

Field Enclosures: In agricultural regions, dry stone walls were used to create enclosures for livestock and crops. These enclosures are a testament to the historical farming practices of the area.

Heritage Craft: Dry stone walling is considered a heritage craft in the UK, meaning it is recognized as an important part of the country’s cultural heritage.

Scheduled Monuments: Some dry stone walls are designated as scheduled monuments, which means they are legally protected due to their historical and cultural significance.

Learning and Practicing Dry Stone Walling

For those interested in learning more about dry stone walling, several resources and opportunities are available.

Workshops and Courses: Many organizations offer workshops and courses on dry stone walling. These hands-on experiences provide valuable practical skills and knowledge.

Books and Guides: Numerous books and guides are available that cover the techniques and history of dry stone walling. These resources are excellent for self-study.

Online Communities: Joining online communities and forums dedicated to dry stone walling can provide support, advice, and inspiration from fellow enthusiasts.

Conclusion

Understanding the technical terms associated with British dry stone walling can provide a deeper appreciation for this ancient craft. From stone selection to construction techniques, tools, and regional variations, each term offers insight into the skill and knowledge required to build these enduring structures. Whether you are a language learner, a history enthusiast, or someone interested in traditional crafts, exploring the world of dry stone walling can be a rewarding and enriching experience.