Types of Relative Pronouns in Polish

There are three main types of relative pronouns in Polish:

1. Który – This is the most common relative pronoun, equivalent to the English “who,” “which,” or “that.” It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it refers to. It has feminine, masculine, and neuter forms for singular and plural nouns.

2. Jaki – This relative pronoun can be translated as “which,” “what kind,” or “such as.” Like “który,” it agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it refers to. It can also be used for all three genders in singular and plural forms.

3. Co – Translated as “what” or “that,” this relative pronoun doesn’t change for gender or number but does change for case. It is used primarily when the relative clause has no expressed antecedent, or when the antecedent is understood as “everything” or “anything.”

Using Który, Jaki, and Co in Relative Clauses

To demonstrate the use of these relative pronouns in Polish grammar, let’s examine a few examples:

1. Using Który

– Książka, którą czytasz, jest ciekawa. (The book that you’re reading is interesting.)
– Mężczyzna, z którym rozmawiałem, mieszka tutaj. (The man with whom I was talking lives here.)
– Dziewczyna, której pomogłem, dziękowała mi. (The girl to whom I helped, thanked me.)

2. Using Jaki

– Wszyscy uczniowie, jakich nauczałem, zdali egzamin. (All the students whom I taught passed the exam.)
– Wybierz warzywa, jake lubisz. (Choose the vegetables such as you like.)

3. Using Co

– Wszystko, co wiem, powiedziałem. (Everything that I know, I said.)
– Robię to, co mi każą. (I do what they tell me to do.)

Avoiding Common Errors in Using Relative Pronouns

Here are some common errors to avoid when using relative pronouns in Polish grammar:

1. Confusing the genders and forms – Ensure the proper agreement in gender, number, and case with the noun being referred to. For example:

– Auto, które kupiłem, jest nowe. (The car which I bought is new.) – Correct.

– Auto, który kupiłem, jest nowe. (The car which I bought is new.) – Incorrect.

2. Mixing up the relative pronoun types – Use the correct types of relative pronouns for the intended meaning. For example:

– Mówię tylko o tym, co znam. (I speak only about what I know.) – Correct.

– Mówię tylko o tym, które znam. (I speak only about what I know.) – Incorrect.

Summing Up

To excel in Polish grammar, understanding and using relative pronouns correctly is of paramount importance. The three main types—który, jaki, and co—serve as a foundation for connecting parts of a sentence and adding valuable detail. By mastering their forms and usage, you can elevate your Polish language proficiency and communicate with greater nuance and clarity.