Types of Relative Clauses
There are two main types of relative clauses in Russian grammar: defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses.
- Defining Relative Clauses: These clauses limit or specify the noun they refer to and cannot be omitted from the sentence without affecting its meaning. Commas are not typically used to separate defining relative clauses from the main clause. An example of a defining relative clause in Russian is:
Человек, который мне помог, был очень добр.
(The person who helped me was very kind.)
- Non-Defining Relative Clauses: These clauses provide additional information about the noun they refer to but can be removed without significantly affecting the sentence’s meaning. Commas are used to set off non-defining relative clauses from the main clause. For example:
Мой друг Алексей, который работает врачом, приехал ко мне в гости.
(My friend Alexey, who works as a doctor, came to visit me.)
Formation of Relative Clauses in Russian
Relative clauses are formed using relative pronouns, relative adverbs, or relative particles. The most common relative pronoun in Russian is который (which, that, who), which changes forms according to gender, number, and case.
| Gender/Number | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Instrumental | Prepositional |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | который | которого | которому | которым | котором | |
| Feminine | которая | которую | которой | которой | которой | |
| Neuter | которое | которое | которого | которому | которым | |
| Plural | которые | которых | которым | которыми | которых |
Relative adverbs, such as где (where) and когда (when), can also be used to form relative clauses. For instance:
Я не помню, где я купил эту книгу.
(I don’t remember where I bought this book.)
Word Order in Russian Relative Clauses
The word order in Russian relative clauses generally follows the pattern of Subject – Verb – Object (SVO). However, it is essential to note that Russian is a relatively flexible language in terms of word order, allowing for emphasis on specific words by rearranging them in a sentence.
Common Mistakes and Tips for Learning Russian Relative Clauses
There are some common mistakes learners often make when dealing with Russian relative clauses. To avoid these errors, remember the following tips:
- Avoid overusing который; instead, try to use other relative pronouns or particles, like чей (whose) or что (what, that).
- Ensure that the relative pronoun agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it refers to.
- Pay attention to punctuation when using non-defining relative clauses.
- Use context clues and other parts of the sentence to help determine the intended meaning of a relative clause in complex sentences.
By understanding the types of relative clauses, their formation, and usage within the framework of Russian grammar, learners will find it much easier to communicate effectively and accurately in Russian. Practice and exposure to authentic Russian texts will also help improve the mastery of relative clauses.
