The Different Types of Demonstrative Pronouns

In Arabic, demonstrative pronouns are categorized based on three factors: gender, number, and distance. As a result, these pronouns adopt different forms to agree with the noun they refer to. The primary demonstrative pronouns in Arabic are as follows:

• هذا (hādhā): This (masculine, singular, near)
• هذه (hādhihi): This (feminine, singular, near)
• ذلك (dhālika): That (masculine, singular, far)
• تلك (tilka): That (feminine, singular, far)

Agreement with Nouns: Gender and Number

As mentioned earlier, Arabic demonstrative pronouns must agree with the nouns they refer to in terms of gender and number. To illustrate this concept, let’s consider the following examples:

هذا الكتاب (hādhā al-kitāb): This book (masculine)

هذه السيارة (hādhihi as-sayyāra): This car (feminine)

ذلك المكتب (dhālika al-maktab): That office (masculine)

تلك البيت (tilka al-bayt): That house (feminine)

Note that for plural nouns, the demonstrative pronouns remain in their singular forms (hādhā/hādhihi and dhālika/tilka) when referring to non-human plural nouns. For human plural nouns, Arabic employs separate plural forms, such as أولئك (ulā’ika) meaning “those” for both genders.

Placement of Demonstrative Pronouns in a Sentence

In Arabic, demonstrative pronouns generally appear at the beginning of a noun phrase, directly followed by the definite article ال (al) and the noun in question. Consider the following examples:

هذه البنت جميلة (hādhihi al-bint jamīla): This girl is beautiful.

ذلك الرجل طويل (dhālika ar-rajul ṭawīl): That man is tall.

It’s important to note that in spoken Arabic, it’s common for the demonstrative pronoun to be placed after the noun, particularly in the Levantine dialect:

البنت هاي جميلة (al-bint hāi jamīla): This girl is beautiful.

الرجل ذاك طويل (ar-rajul dhāk ṭawīl): That man is tall.

Using Demonstrative Adjectives

In addition to demonstrative pronouns, Arabic grammar also includes demonstrative adjectives, such as هذا (hādhā), هذه (hādhihi), ذلك (dhālika), and تلك (tilka). These adjectives appear in the same position as demonstrative pronouns, but do not replace the noun they modify. As a result, they serve to define and describe the noun without substituting for it.

In conclusion, demonstrative pronouns in Arabic grammar offer a nuanced and versatile way to reference specific nouns based on their gender, number, and distance from the speaker. A firm grasp of these principles allows for greater flexibility and precision in the use of the Arabic language.