Master Counting in Welsh: A Simple Guide to Numbers in Welsh Language

Understanding the Welsh Counting System

The Welsh counting system is distinctive and fascinating, rooted in a vigesimal (base-20) structure, which differs significantly from the decimal system used in English. This unique approach influences how numbers are formed, pronounced, and used in daily life. Learning counting in Welsh involves familiarizing yourself with this system and recognizing patterns that can aid in memorization and comprehension.

The Vigesimal Structure Explained

Unlike English, which typically counts in tens, Welsh counting up to 20 is straightforward, but numbers above 20 employ a base-20 system. For example, 30 is expressed as “deg ar hugain,” which literally means “ten on twenty.” This vigesimal system can seem complex at first but offers a logical and structured way to understand larger numbers once the initial concepts are grasped.

Cardinal Numbers: 1 to 20

Mastering the first 20 cardinal numbers is essential as they form the foundation for all subsequent numbers. Here is a list of Welsh numbers from 1 to 20:

• 1 – un
• 2 – dau (masculine) / dwy (feminine)
• 3 – tri (masculine) / tair (feminine)
• 4 – pedwar (masculine) / pedair (feminine)
• 5 – pump
• 6 – chwech
• 7 – saith
• 8 – wyth
• 9 – naw
• 10 – deg
• 11 – un ar ddeg
• 12 – deuddeg
• 13 – tri ar ddeg
• 14 – pedwar ar ddeg
• 15 – pymtheg
• 16 – un ar bymtheg
• 17 – dau ar bymtheg
• 18 – deunaw
• 19 – pedwar ar bymtheg
• 20 – ugain

Notice the use of “ar ddeg” (on ten) and “ar bymtheg” (on fifteen) to form numbers between 11-19, which is a distinctive feature in Welsh numbering.

Forming Numbers Beyond 20

After 20, Welsh numbers combine additive and multiplicative elements, frequently involving the base number 20. This section will clarify how to count from 21 upwards.

Counting from 21 to 39

Numbers from 21 to 39 are expressed as “one/two/etc. on twenty.” For example:

• 21 – un ar hugain (one on twenty)
• 22 – dau ar hugain (two on twenty)
• 23 – tri ar hugain (three on twenty)
• 30 – deg ar hugain (ten on twenty)
• 39 – naw ar bymtheg ar hugain (nine on fifteen on twenty) – less common, typically simplified.

This method continues until 39, after which the next base number comes into play.

Counting from 40 to 59

At 40, Welsh uses “deugain,” meaning two-twenty (2 x 20). This is a clear example of the vigesimal system in practice. Numbers from 41 to 59 are then counted as:

• 40 – deugain (two twenties)
• 41 – un ar ddeugain (one on two twenties)
• 50 – deg ar ddeugain (ten on two twenties)
• 59 – naw ar bymtheg ar ddeugain (nine on fifteen on two twenties)

Higher Numbers: 60, 80, 100, and Beyond

Welsh continues this pattern with larger base numbers:

• 60 – trigain (three twenties)
• 80 – pedwar ugain (four twenties)
• 100 – cant
• 1,000 – mil

For example, 85 would be “pymtheg ar bedwar ugain” (fifteen on four twenties).

Gender and Mutation in Welsh Numbers

A key feature of counting in Welsh is the impact of grammatical gender and initial consonant mutations on number forms. Welsh nouns are either masculine or feminine, which affects the form of certain numbers, especially “two,” “three,” and “four.”

Gender Variations in Numbers

• Two – “dau” (masculine), “dwy” (feminine)
• Three – “tri” (masculine), “tair” (feminine)
• Four – “pedwar” (masculine), “pedair” (feminine)

Choosing the correct form depends on the gender of the noun being counted. For example, “dau gi” means “two dogs” (dogs are masculine), while “dwy gath” means “two cats” (cats are feminine).

Initial Consonant Mutation

Welsh employs initial consonant mutations, where the first consonant of a word changes depending on grammatical context. After certain numbers, mutations are triggered in the following noun:

• After “un” (one), no mutation.
• After “dau” (two, masculine), a soft mutation occurs.
• After “dwy” (two, feminine), a soft mutation also occurs.
• After numbers from three to six, a soft mutation applies.

For example:

• “dau gi” (two dogs) – “ci” soft-mutates to “gi.”
• “tri chath” (three cats) – “cath” soft-mutates to “chath.”

Understanding these mutations is crucial for accurate and natural Welsh speech.

Practical Tips for Learning Counting in Welsh

Mastering counting in Welsh requires practice and exposure. Here are effective strategies to help learners succeed:

• Use Talkpal for Interactive Practice: Engage with native Welsh speakers and use Talkpal’s conversation tools to practice counting in real-time contexts.
• Memorize Core Numbers First: Focus on numbers 1-20, as they form the basis for constructing higher numbers.
• Practice Gender and Mutations: Create flashcards that highlight masculine and feminine forms and mutation triggers.
• Apply Numbers in Everyday Situations: Count objects around you in Welsh, such as books, chairs, or steps, to reinforce learning.
• Listen to Welsh Audio Resources: Exposure to native pronunciation through podcasts or language apps strengthens auditory recognition.

The Cultural Significance of Counting in Welsh

Counting in Welsh isn’t just a linguistic exercise—it connects learners to the culture and history of Wales. Traditional Welsh music, literature, and festivals often incorporate numbers in storytelling and song, providing rich contexts for learning. By mastering counting, learners gain deeper appreciation for Welsh heritage and participate more fully in cultural experiences.

Welsh Numbers in Daily Life

Numbers in Welsh appear in addresses, phone numbers, dates, and times, making counting skills practical for travelers and residents alike. Additionally, understanding the numeric system allows learners to navigate Welsh signage and official documents, enhancing their functional language use.

Conclusion

Counting in Welsh presents a unique and rewarding challenge due to its vigesimal system, gender distinctions, and consonant mutations. With a solid foundation in cardinal numbers and an understanding of how larger numbers are constructed, learners can quickly improve their fluency. Platforms like Talkpal provide invaluable resources for interactive learning, helping users master counting in Welsh through conversation and practice. Embracing this aspect of the Welsh language not only enhances communication skills but also fosters a deeper connection to Welsh culture and identity.