In Vietnamese grammar, there are six tenses: present, past, future, perfect, perfective, and prospective. The present tense refers to actions or states that are happening at the moment of speaking. For example, “Tôi học” means “I am studying.”

The past tense is used to talk about actions or states that occurred in the past. For instance, “Tôi đã học” means “I studied.”

The future tense is used to express actions or states that will happen in the future. For example, “Tôi sẽ học” means “I will study.”

The perfect tense refers to actions or states that have just been completed. For instance, “Tôi vừa học” means “I have just studied.”

The perfective tense emphasizes the completion of actions or states. For example, “Tôi đã học xong” means “I have finished studying.”

The prospective tense is used to express actions or states that are expected to happen in the future. For instance, “Tôi sẽ học xong” means “I will have finished studying.”

Mastering tenses in Vietnamese grammar is essential for constructing accurate and meaningful sentences. Learning when and how to use each tense can greatly enhance one’s fluency and proficiency in the Vietnamese language.