As an inflected language, Latvian grammar plays a vital role in the proper construction of sentences. Among the crucial elements in the language are verbs, which can be divided into two primary categories: transitive and intransitive verbs. A comprehensive understanding of these two types of verbs is essential for navigating Latvian grammar effectively.

Transitive Verbs: Definition and Application

Transitive verbs, also known as darbības vārdi ar pāreju, require a direct object to express a complete thought—transferring their action to the object. They are typically encountered in sentences with a subject, a verb, and a direct object.

Examples of Transitive Verbs in Latvian

• Lasīt – to read (a book)
• Rakstīt – to write (a letter)
• Pirkt – to buy (a car)

Using Transitive Verbs in Sentences

Observe the Latvian sentences below, each containing a transitive verb:

• Viņš lasa grāmatu. – He reads a book.
• Dēls raksta vēstuli. – The son writes a letter.
• Es pērku auto. – I am buying a car.

Intransitive Verbs: Definition and Application

In contrast, intransitive verbs, referred to as darbības vārdi bez pārejas, do not require a direct object and signify that the action does not pass onto an object. These verbs express an action or a state of the subject, with sentences consisting of a subject and verb.

Examples of Intransitive Verbs in Latvian

• Skriet – to run
• Gulēt – to sleep
• Smaidīt – to smile

Using Intransitive Verbs in Sentences

Notice the Latvian sentences below, each containing an intransitive verb:

• Viņa skrien pa parku. – She runs through the park.
• Suns guļ uz dīvāna. – The dog sleeps on the couch.
• Māsa smaida. – The sister smiles.

Distinguishing Between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Understanding the contrast between transitive and intransitive verbs can be aided by identifying whether a verb necessitates a direct object:

1. Examine the verb and determine if an object is required for the expression of a complete thought.
2. If a verb requires a direct object, classify it as a transitive verb.
3. If a verb does not require a direct object and the action does not pass onto an object, classify it as an intransitive verb.

A Word of Caution: Ambitransitive Verbs

In some instances, Latvian verbs can function both as transitive and intransitive verbs, depending on the context. These verbs are known as ambitransitive verbs and can alter their meanings based on usage:

• Dzert – to drink (transitive) or to be drinking (intransitive)
• Augt – to grow (transitive) or to increase (intransitive)

Conclusion

In summary, transitive and intransitive verbs are integral to Latvian grammar. By understanding their definitions, applications, and distinctions, one can form coherent sentences and effectively communicate in this rich and complex language.