Classification of Quantitative Adjectives

Quantitative adjectives in Slovak grammar can be divided into the following three main categories:

1. Numerical Adjectives: These adjectives express precise numbers and can be further classified into cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers, and fractions.
2. Indefinite Quantitative Adjectives: These adjectives communicate an unspecified quantity, such as ‘many,’ ‘few,’ or ‘some.’
3. Multiplicative and Distributive Adjectives: These adjectives relate to multiplication, distribution, and repetition.

Formation and Usage of Numerical Adjectives

Cardinal numbers indicate the exact number or amount. In Slovak grammar, cardinal numbers adhere to a set pattern when forming the numbers. For instance:

• One: jeden (masculine), jedna (feminine), jedno (neuter)
• Two: dva (masculine), dve (feminine and neuter)
• Three: tri (all genders)

Higher numbers follow specific rules for formations, such as the ‘dvadsať’ (twenty) pattern and ‘-sta’ suffix for hundreds. The numeral ‘jeden’ declines as an adjective, while other cardinal numbers decline as if they were nouns.

Ordinal numbers represent the order or ranking within a series. In Slovak, ordinal numbers are created by adding the appropriate suffixes to the cardinal numbers:

• Prvý (first): derived from jeden
• Druhý (second): derived from dva
• Tretí (third): derived from tri

Fractions in Slovak grammar are created by combining cardinal and ordinal numbers. For example: ‘polovica’ (one-half), ‘dvadsať druhý’ (twenty-second). Fractions decline as adjectives in the nominative case and as nouns in other cases.

Indefinite Quantitative Adjectives

These adjectives convey indefinite quantities and often decline similarly to regular adjectives. Some common indefinite quantitative adjectives include:

• Veľa (many)
• Mnoho (much)
• Niekoľko (a few)
• Málo (little)

Multiplicative and Distributive Adjectives

In Slovak grammar, multiplicative adjectives indicate repetition of a specified number, for example:

• Dvojitý (double)
• Trojitý (triple)

On the other hand, distributive adjectives describe the distribution of a specific quantity:

• Po dvoch (two at a time)
• Po troch (three at a time)

Both types of adjectives decline in ways similar to regular adjectives.

Using Quantitative Adjectives in Sentences

Quantitative adjectives are immensely useful in shaping the meaning of sentences. They agree with the noun they modify in terms of gender, number, and case. For example:

• Potrebujem traja učitelia (I need three teachers)
• Zober si niekoľko jabĺk (Take a few apples)
• Prišlo na konferenciu mnoho hostí (Many guests attended the conference)

Conclusion

Quantitative adjectives are a crucial component of the rich and intricate Slovak grammar. By understanding their classifications, formations, and usage, you can master the art of expressing quantity in Slovak, thereby enhancing both your written and spoken language abilities. Recognizing the grammatical rules at play enables a more accurate and finer appreciation of this beautiful language.