Formation of the Present Tense

The present tense in Finnish is used to express actions that are happening now or habitual actions. To form the present tense, begin with the stem of the word, add a personal ending, and inflect the verb for vowel harmony.

1. Identifying the Verb Stem

Verb stems in Finnish are the base forms from which different tenses and conjugations are derived. For the present tense, start with the infinitive form of the verb (e.g., ‘puhua’ – to speak) and remove the ‘-a’ or ‘-ä’ ending. This leaves the stem, which in our example would be ‘puhu-‘.

2. Adding Personal Endings

The personal endings in Finnish grammar are crucial to indicating the subject of the sentence. For the present tense, there are six personal endings associated with the singular and plural forms of the first, second, and third person pronouns. Below is a table outlining these endings:

• 1st person singular (minä / I): -n
• 2nd person singular (sinä / you): -t
• 3rd person singular (hän / he or she): -r, -aa, or no ending
• 1st person plural (me / we): -mme
• 2nd person plural (te / you all): -tte
• 3rd person plural (he / they): -vat or -vät

To form the present tense, simply add the appropriate personal ending to the verb stem. For instance, if conjugating ‘puhua’ for the first person subject, the present tense would be ‘puhun’ (I speak).

3. Vowel Harmony

Finnish language has a principle called vowel harmony, wherein certain vowels cannot be in the same word. This principle is important when conjugating verbs to ensure that the personal endings are in harmony with the stem. Depending on the stem’s vowels, endings may contain ‘a’ or ‘ä’, as seen with the third person plural markers ‘-vat’ and ‘-vät’.

Examples of Present Tense Verbs

To further illustrate the present tense, let’s examine a few common Finnish verbs:

• Juoda (to drink): juon (I drink), juot (you drink), juo (he/she drinks), juomme (we drink), juotte (you all drink), juovat (they drink)
• Istua (to sit): istun (I sit), istut (you sit), istuu (he/she sits), istumme (we sit), istutte (you all sit), istuvat (they sit)
• Opettaa (to teach): opetan (I teach), opetat (you teach), opettaa (he/she teaches), opetamme (we teach), opetatte (you all teach), opettavat (they teach)

Negative Present Tense

To express negation in the present tense, use ‘ei’ (the negative auxiliary verb) with the same personal endings as in the affirmative conjugation, except for the third person singular, which remains ‘ei’. For example, the negative conjugation for ‘puhua’ would be ‘en puhu’ (I don’t speak) and ‘ei puhu’ (he/she doesn’t speak).

In conclusion, the present tense in Finnish grammar may appear complex, but once you become familiar with its principles, including verb stems, personal endings, and vowel harmony, you will be well-equipped to communicate effectively in this rich and expressive language.