Classification of Participles in Kazakh

Kazakh participles are classified according to their tense, voice, and function within a sentence. The primary categories include:

1. Present Active Participle

The Present Active Participle describes an ongoing action performed by the subject of the sentence. It is formed by adding the suffix “-ып” or “-іп” to the verb stem, depending on the vowel harmony.

For example:
– Сабақ оқып (sabaq oqyp) – lesson reading
– Бала жасап (bala jasap) – child playing

2. Past Active Participle

The Past Active Participle signifies an action that was completed by the subject in the past. It is constructed by adding the suffix “-ған” or “-ген” to the verb stem, based on vowel harmony rules.

For instance:
– Оқыған кітап (oqyǵan kitap) – book read
– Тамаған нәрсе (тамаған nәrse) – food eaten

3. Future Active Participle

The Future Active Participle describes an action that the subject will perform in the future. It is created by adding the suffix “-атын” or “-етін” to the verb stem, in accordance with vowel harmony.

Examples include:
– Жазатын мәтін (жазатын mәtіn) – text to be written
– Көретін бейне (köretin beyne) – video to be watched

4. Present Passive Participle

The Present Passive Participle indicates an ongoing action being received by the subject. It is formed by attaching the suffix “-ылып” or “-іліп” to the verb stem.

For example:
– Таңдау тексеріліп (tañdaw tekserilip) – option being checked
– Есік ашылып (esik ashylyp) – door opening

5. Past Passive Participle

The Past Passive Participle shows an action that was performed on the subject in the past. It is formed by adding the suffix “-ылған” or “-ілген” to the verb stem.

Examples are:
– Таңдалған ұлым (tañdalǵan ulym) – chosen knowledge
– Салынған келбет (salyǵan kelbet) – set trap

Usage of Participles in Kazakh

Kazakh participles play several crucial roles in constructing sentences and conveying meaning. Among their primary functions are:

– Forming adjectives: Participles are used to create adjectives that describe nouns.
– Constructing compound verbs: Participles combine with auxiliary verbs to form complex verb constructions.
– Shaping relative clauses: Participles help form relative clauses in Kazakh, eliminating the need for additional pronouns and conjunctions.

Examples of Participle Usage in Kazakh

1. Present Active Participle:
– Жазып жатқан мұғалім (жазып жатқан mұғalіm) – The teacher who is writing
2. Past Active Participle:
– Мәліметті жіберген адам (mәlmіettі жіbergen adam) – The person who sent the information
3. Future Active Participle:
– Келетін аптаның мәзірі (keletin aptanyң mәziri) – The menu for the coming week
4. Present Passive Participle:
– Бандар орындалып (bandar oryndalyp) – Ships being built
5. Past Passive Participle:
– Сыйада жарыққа жеткілген мұрагер (syyada jarłyqqa jetkilgen murager) – An athlete awarded a medal

With this comprehensive coverage of participles in Kazakh grammar, you will now be well-equipped to identify and employ the various forms to enhance your language skills and communicate more effectively.