Forming Plural Nouns in Latvian

To create the plural form of a noun in Latvian, various suffixes are added to the singular form, depending on the gender and ending of the noun. Here are the most common patterns:

• For masculine nouns ending in -s or -š, replace the ending with -i.
• For feminine nouns ending in -a, replace the ending with -as.
• For feminine nouns ending in -e, replace the ending with -es.

It is important to note that there are exceptions to these rules, and some irregular plurals exist, such as cilvēks (person) becoming cilvēki (people).

Plural Adjectives and Agreement

Adjectives in Latvian must agree in number with the nouns they modify. To form the plural of an adjective, follow these general guidelines:

• For masculine adjectives ending in -s, replace the ending with -i.
• For feminine adjectives ending in -a, replace the ending with -as.
• For feminine adjectives ending in -e, replace the ending with -es.

As with nouns, exceptions and irregular plurals do exist among adjectives.

Plural Pronouns in Latvian

Personal pronouns in Latvian also have distinct plural forms, as shown in the following table:

Demonstrative pronouns, such as šis (this) and tas (that), also have plural forms, which are šie (these) and tie (those), respectively.

Numerals in Latvian Grammar

In Latvian, numerals interact with nouns, affecting their case and, in some instances, their number. Cardinal (one, two, three) and ordinal (first, second, third) numerals agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify. For numbers higher than twenty, the numeral is split, with the tens and units each agreeing with their respective noun.

Interaction of Number with Cases and Declensions

The concept of number in Latvian grammar is closely intertwined with cases and declensions. There are seven cases in Latvian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, and vocative. When a noun is plural, its form might change as it moves through these cases. Therefore, it is crucial to understand both singular and plural declensions when learning Latvian grammar.

Conclusion

Mastering the concept of number in Latvian grammar is essential for anyone looking to become proficient in the Latvian language. By learning the rules and exceptions for forming plural nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, and understanding their interaction with numerals, cases, and declensions, you will be well on your way to developing a strong foundation in Latvian grammar. Remember that practice is key, and with dedication and effort, you can successfully navigate the intricacies of this fascinating language.