German grammar can be challenging, but having a solid understanding of dependent clauses and infinitive clauses is essential for constructing clear and concise sentences. In this comprehensive guide, we will dive deep into the world of infinitive clauses, their functions in dependent clauses, and how to use them effectively to improve your German language skills.
A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. In German, dependent clauses are an essential aspect of sentence structure, as they provide additional information to the main clause. They often begin with a subordinating conjunction (e.g., weil, dass, ob) or a relative pronoun (e.g., der, die, das). Dependent clauses usually come after the main clause and are separated by a comma.
Example:
In this example, “weil ich den Film sehen möchte” is the dependent clause, providing a reason for the action in the main clause.
Infinitive clauses (Infinitivsätze) are a specific type of dependent clause in German grammar. They consist of an infinitive verb (the base form of the verb) and any accompanying elements, such as objects or adverbs. Infinitive clauses are used to express actions or states without specifying a particular subject. They often replace a subordinate clause and can make a sentence shorter and more concise.
Example:
In this example, “ins Kino zu gehen” is an infinitive clause that replaces a subordinate clause, making the sentence more concise.
There are two main types of infinitive clauses in German grammar: those with “zu” (to) and those without “zu.”
These clauses are formed by adding “zu” before the infinitive verb. They are used when the main verb requires an infinitive construction, such as with verbs of intention, perception, or preference. Some common verbs that are often followed by infinitive clauses with “zu” include:
Example:
These clauses are formed without using “zu” before the infinitive verb. They are often used with modal verbs and other auxiliary verbs, such as:
Example:
To form an infinitive clause, follow these basic steps:
Example:
In this example, “versuchen” is the main verb, the clause requires “zu,” and “morgen früher” are the additional elements.
Infinitive clauses can be used in various ways in dependent clauses. Here are some common applications:
Infinitive clauses with “zu” can be used to express the purpose or intention of an action in the main clause.
Example:
Infinitive clauses can replace subordinate clauses, making the sentence shorter and more concise.
Example:
This sentence can be shortened using an infinitive clause:
Infinitive clauses can follow certain verbs, such as verbs of perception (sehen, hören), preference (lieben, hassen), or intention (planen, hoffen).
Example:
Here are some common mistakes when using infinitive clauses and how to avoid them:
Remember that not all infinitive clauses require “zu.” Modal verbs and auxiliary verbs do not require “zu” before the infinitive verb.
Example:
Ensure that the infinitive verb and “zu” (if used) are placed at the end of the clause, with any additional elements before them.
Example:
To reinforce your understanding of infinitive clauses, try these exercises:
Mastering infinitive clauses in German grammar is crucial for constructing clear and concise sentences. By understanding their functions in dependent clauses and how to form them correctly, you can greatly improve your German language skills. Practice using infinitive clauses in various contexts, and soon, you will be able to construct complex sentences with ease.
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