Rules of Narration

In Hindi, altering direct speech to indirect speech is based on the rules of narration. The main elements in narration include pronouns, tenses, and conjunctions, which are adjusted to the context, speaker, and listener. When converting direct speech to indirect speech, one must follow these guidelines:

1. Replace direct speech with a subordinated clause.
2. Alter the main clause subject to match the speaker’s pronoun.
3. Make necessary tense changes according to the reporting verb.
4. Adjust pronouns and words to align with the speaker’s viewpoint.

Journey from Direct to Indirect Speech in Hindi

In Hindi, changing direct speech to indirect speech involves a change in tense. Generally, present tense shifts to past tense, past tense moves to the past perfect tense, and future tense is kept unchanged. Here are some examples demonstrating the tense change:

• Direct speech: राम ने कहा, “मैं बाज़ार जा रहा हूँ।” (Ram said, “I am going to the market.”)
• Indirect speech: राम ने कहा कि वह बाज़ार जा रहा था। (Ram said that he was going to the market.)

Pronouns and words should be adjusted to align with the speaker’s viewpoint, taking into account the listener’s perspective:

• Direct speech: राम ने कहा, “तुम अच्छे हो।” (Ram said, “You are good.”)
• Indirect speech: राम ने कहा कि मैं अच्छा हूँ। (Ram said that I am good.)

The Role of Conjunctions in Indirect Speech

Hindi grammar employs various conjunctions to link the reporting verb with the reported clause in indirect speech. Commonly used conjunctions include कि (that), अगर (if), जब (when), and अतः (therefore):

• Direct speech: राम ने कहा, “मैं कल जाऊंगा।” (Ram said, “I will go tomorrow.”)
• Indirect speech: राम ने कहा कि वह कल जाएगा। (Ram said that he would go tomorrow.)

Indirect Questions and Commands in Hindi Grammar

Indirect questions often employ the conjunction कि (if) to introduce the subordinate clause, as well as the interrogative pronoun, following this structure:

1. Use the reporting verb followed by the interrogative pronoun.
2. Add the conjunction कि (if) to represent the question.

For commands and requests, Hindi grammar uses the conjunction की (to) followed by the infinitive form of the verb:

• Direct speech: राम ने कहा, “दरवाज़ा बंद करो।” (Ram said, “Close the door.”)
• Indirect speech: राम ने कहा की दरवाज़ा बंद करूँ। (Ram said to close the door.)

Mastering indirect speech in Hindi grammar involves understanding these principles of narration, tense changes, pronouns, and conjunctions. By internalizing these guidelines and applying them consistently, one can communicate not only the main content of another person’s words but also capture their essence and intention, significantly enhancing communication in Hindi.