Classification of Descriptive Adjectives in Kannada

In Kannada grammar, descriptive adjectives can be broadly categorized into three distinct groups. These are:

1. Descriptive Adjectives Indicating Quality:

These adjectives are used to describe the characteristics and properties of nouns. They depict the inherent qualities of the subject, like size, shape, color, and appearance. Examples of these adjectives include ದೊಡ್ಡ (dodda) meaning ‘big,’ ಸಣ್ಣ (sanna) meaning ‘small,’ ಬಿಳಿ (bili) meaning ‘white,’ and ಕಪ್ಪು (kappu) meaning ‘black.’

2. Descriptive Adjectives Indicating Quantity:

As the name suggests, these adjectives indicate the quantity, number, or degree of the noun they describe. They can be further split into two types: definite and indefinite quantity adjectives. Definite quantity adjectives indicate a specific amount, like ಒಂದು (ondu) meaning ‘one,’ ಎರಡು (eradu) meaning ‘two,’ ಮೂರು (mūru) meaning ‘three,’ and so on. On the other hand, indefinite quantity adjectives do not specify any exact amount but help suggest an approximate quantity, such as ಹಲವು (halavu) meaning ‘many,’ ಮೊದಲೇ (modalē) meaning ‘some,’ and ಅಲ್ಪ (alpa) meaning ‘few.’

3. Descriptive Adjectives Indicating Order:

These adjectives reveal the order or position of the noun in a sequence or set. They can be cardinal or ordinal adjectives. Cardinal adjectives are used to convey the position of an item in a list, for instance, ಮೊದಲನೆ (modalane) meaning ‘first,’ ಎರಡನೆ (eraḍane) meaning ‘second,’ ಮೂರನೆ (mūrane) meaning ‘third,’ etc. Ordinal adjectives, in contrast, express the rank of a noun within its category or group, like ಮುಖ್ಯ (mukhya) meaning ‘chief’ or ಪ್ರಮುಖ (pramukha) meaning ‘principal.’

Usage of Descriptive Adjectives in Kannada Grammar

Descriptive adjectives add texture and precision to the Kannada language by providing extra information about the nouns they qualify. They can be placed before or after the noun, depending on the context, for example:

• ನಾನು ಒಂದು ಬಿಳೀ ಹೂವು ನೋಡಿದೆ (I saw a white flower)
• ಅವರು ಒಂದು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಮನೆಗೆ ಹೋದರು (They went to a big house)

Formation of Descriptive Adjectives in Kannada

Descriptive adjectives in Kannada can have diverse origins. They can be derived from:

1. Nouns:

By adding the suffix –ವಾದ (vāda) or –ಯ (ya) to a noun, you can form adjectives that describe the quality or characteristic of another noun. For example, ಗುಣ (guṇa) meaning ‘virtue’ can be turned into ಗುಣವಾದ (guṇavāda) meaning ‘virtuous,’ and ರಾಜ (rāja) meaning ‘king’ is converted into ರಾಜಯ (rājaya) meaning ‘royal.’

2. Verbs:

By using the past participle form of a verb, you can create adjectives that express a completed action related to the noun. For instance, ತಿಂದು (timdu) is the past participle of the verb ತಿನ್ನು-TO EAT (tinnu) and can be used as an adjective meaning ‘eaten.’

3. Other Adjectives:

In some cases, you can directly use descriptive adjectives without requiring modification. Examples include ದೊಡ್ಡ (dodda) meaning ‘big,’ ಸಣ್ಣ (sanna) meaning ‘small,’ ಎಳೆಯ (eleya) meaning ‘young,’ and ಹಳೆಯ (haḷeya) meaning ‘old.’

In summary, descriptive adjectives play a crucial role in enriching and diversifying the Kannada language. By understanding their classifications, usage, and formation, you can effectively incorporate them into your Kannada conversations and writings, enhancing the clarity and expressiveness of your communication.