Gender and Adjective Agreement

In Romanian, adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. There are three noun genders – masculine, feminine, and neuter – and, consequently, three forms for each adjective. The form depends on the gender of the noun:

• Masculine: typically ends in -u
• Feminine: generally ends in -a
• Neuter: often takes the masculine form in singular and the feminine form in plural

Number Agreement in Adjective Declension

Adjectives must also agree in number with the noun – singular or plural. To maintain this agreement, several declension patterns dictate the changes in adjective endings:

Masculine and Neuter Plural Adjective Endings

For masculine and neuter adjectives, the singular ending -u changes to -i in the plural:

• frumosu (beautiful – masculine singular) becomes frumosi (beautiful – masculine plural)
• neutru (neutral – neuter singular) becomes neuti (neutral – neuter plural)

Feminine Plural Adjective Endings

To form feminine plural adjectives, the singular ending -a changes to -e:

• frumoasa (beautiful – feminine singular) becomes frumoase (beautiful – feminine plural)

Adjective Cases in Romanian Grammar

Romanian features five declension cases – Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Vocative – as well as a singular form for each case. Although some adjectives do not decline, most undergo declension according to case:

Nominative and Accusative Cases

Adjective forms in the Nominative and Accusative cases are identical in Romanian:

• Masculine Singular: -u
• Masculine Plural: -i
• Feminine Singular: -a
• Feminine Plural: -e

Genitive and Dative Cases

Both the Genitive and Dative cases share the same adjective forms in Romanian:

• Masculine Singular: -ului
• Masculine Pl_plural_emale=2: -ilor
• Feminine Singular: -i
• Feminine Plural: -elor

Vocative Case

Adjectives do not generally decline in the Vocative case in Romanian. Exceptions may include some demonstrative adjectives. However, these adjectives are typically used for emphasis:

• Masculine Singular: -u-le
• Feminine Singular: -a

Putting It All Together

Adjective declension is a critical aspect of Romanian grammar. By familiarizing yourself with the rules of gender, number, and case agreement, you will rapidly improve your fluency and communication skills in the Romanian language. Remember to pay close attention to the endings and declensions to ensure you make the correct adjective modifications and convey your intended meaning with confidence and precision.