The Ukrainian language, like many Slavic languages, has a complex system for forming plurals. To properly understand and form plurals in Ukrainian grammar, we must first grasp the concept of noun declensions and their respective endings. There are three primary declensions in Ukrainian, and they affect plural formation in various ways:

• First declension: This category includes masculine and neuter nouns. For masculine nouns, the typical plural ending is “-и” or “-і,” while neuter nouns take the plural ending “-а” or “-я.”
• Second declension: This class consists of feminine nouns that typically form plurals by replacing the singular ending “-а” or “-я” with the plural ending “-и” or “-і.”
• Third declension: This group comprises a small number of masculine and feminine nouns, which have “-ь” as their singular ending. The plural form varies and may take the endings “-і,” “-ій,” or “-ьи.”

Besides knowing the three declensions, it is crucial to remember that many irregular nouns do not follow these general rules, requiring memorization of their respective plural forms.

Plurals of Adjectives in Ukrainian Grammar

Adjective Agreement with Plural Nouns

In Ukrainian, adjectives must agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they describe. Consequently, adjectives also have plural forms that correspond to the plural nouns. Here are the principal rules for forming plural adjectives:

• Masculine and neuter adjectives: Generally, the plural form is created by adding “-і” or “-іє” to the stem of the adjective.
• Feminine adjectives: In most cases, the plural form replaces the singular ending “-а” or “-я” with “-і” or “-іє.”

Plurals in Ukrainian Pronouns and Verbs

Pronoun Agreement in Plural Forms

Ukrainian pronouns also need to correspond in number with the nouns they replace. When dealing with plural nouns, personal pronoun forms adjust accordingly:

• First person plural: “ми” (we) and “нас” (us)
• Second person plural: “ви” (you, plural) and “вас” (you, plural)
• Third person plural: “вони” (they) and “їх” (them)

Plural Verb Conjugation

Ukrainian verbs undergo inflections to agree with the subject in gender, number, and tense. For plural subjects, the verb endings typically change as follows:

• Present tense: The ending varies, but it often takes the form “-уть,” “-ють,” or “-іть.”
• Past tense: The main plural ending is “-ли” or “-єли.”
• Future tense: The future tense generally takes the same endings as the present tense for plural subjects, combined with an auxiliary verb if necessary.

Conclusion

With its intricate system of rules and exceptions, forming plurals in Ukrainian grammar may seem daunting at first. It is essential to understand and internalize the declension system and the proper formation of plural nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs. With practice and dedication, one can master the art of plural formation and use it correctly in spoken and written Ukrainian.