Infinitives in Estonian grammar hold a central role in conveying the meaning and intent of a sentence. Etymologically rich and versatile in form, infinitives present unique complexities and nuances that require careful attention for comprehensive understanding.
In the Estonian language, there are four primary forms of infinitives, each serving a distinct purpose within the structure of a sentence.
The first infinitive is characterized by the “-ma” or “-da” suffix, and describes the basic form of the verb. This form also carries the meaning of “to do” or “to be” in English. It is crucial to note that the first infinitive is not influenced by tense or mood.
Examples:
Jooksma – “to run”
Sööma – “to eat”
The second infinitive employs the “-des/-tud” or “-nud” suffix and typically indicates the result of a completed action. Similar to the English gerund ending in -ing, it can be used as an adverb or adjective.
Examples:
Jookstes – “while running”
Söödud – “eaten” (as an adjective)
The third infinitive form ends with “-mas/-tama/-nema” and is less commonly used in comparison to the other forms. It signifies the passive voice or suggests a continuous action.
Examples:
Jooksmas – “being run” (as a passive voice)
Söötamas – “feeding” (indicating a continuous action)
The fourth infinitive takes the form of “-ma/-da” followed by the suffix “-mine/-mise/-k”, forming a noun that characterizes a specific action.
Examples:
Jooksmine – “running”
Söömine – “eating”
Estonian infinitives can be used in a variety of contexts within a sentence. From expressing purpose to conveying passive voice, they contribute to the intricate framework of the language.
In Estonian, the first and second infinitives often indicate the purpose of an action.
Examples:
Ta õpib juhtima – “He/She is learning to drive” (using first infinitive)
Mina tulen sind aitama – “I come to help you” (using second infinitive)
When denoting necessity or obligation, the first and fourth infinitives are most commonly employed in Estonian.
Examples:
Pead sööma – “You have to eat” (using first infinitive)
Ujumine on vajalik – “Swimming is necessary” (using fourth infinitive)
A comprehensive understanding of infinitives in Estonian grammar is crucial for mastering the language. The four primary forms, each with their unique functions and suffixes, offer a rich linguistic palette for conveying meaning and intent. Learning to incorporate infinitives into various contexts within sentences allows for a deeper grasp of Estonian language structure and enhances one’s ability to communicate with clarity and nuance.
