{"id":693005,"date":"2024-06-07T12:43:30","date_gmt":"2024-06-07T12:43:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/talkpal.ai\/vocabulary\/%e4%bf%84%e8%af%ad%e4%b8%ad%e4%b8%8e%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e5%92%8c%e6%94%bf%e5%ba%9c%e7%9b%b8%e5%85%b3%e7%9a%84%e8%af%8d%e6%b1%87\/"},"modified":"2024-06-07T12:43:30","modified_gmt":"2024-06-07T12:43:30","slug":"%e4%bf%84%e8%af%ad%e4%b8%ad%e4%b8%8e%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e5%92%8c%e6%94%bf%e5%ba%9c%e7%9b%b8%e5%85%b3%e7%9a%84%e8%af%8d%e6%b1%87","status":"publish","type":"vocabulary","link":"https:\/\/talkpal.ai\/zh-hans\/vocabulary\/%e4%bf%84%e8%af%ad%e4%b8%ad%e4%b8%8e%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e5%92%8c%e6%94%bf%e5%ba%9c%e7%9b%b8%e5%85%b3%e7%9a%84%e8%af%8d%e6%b1%87\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4fc4\u8bed\u4e2d\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u5b66\u4e60\u4fc4\u8bed\u65f6\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u6c47\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u7406\u89e3\u65b0\u95fb\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u4f60\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u4e3a\u4f60\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4fc4\u8bed\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4f8b\u53e5\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u638c\u63e1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u6c47\u3002<\/p>\n

\u653f\u5e9c\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u804c\u80fd<\/h2>\n

\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/b> – \u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7528\u6765\u6307\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\u3002
\n\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/b> – \u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002
\n\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/b> – \u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6846\u67b6\u3002
\n\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0432 1993 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/b> – \u8bae\u4f1a\u3002\u8bae\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u3002
\n\u041f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0434\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442<\/b> – \u8bae\u5458\u3002\u8bae\u5458\u662f\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002
\n\u0414\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440<\/b> – \u90e8\u957f\u3002\u90e8\u957f\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u3002
\n\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/b> – \u603b\u7edf\u3002\u603b\u7edf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3002
\n\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b<\/b> – \u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u9009\u4e3e\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002
\n\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/b> – \u6295\u7968\u3002\u6295\u7968\u662f\u9009\u4e3e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u516c\u6c11\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u5df1\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002
\n\u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u601d\u60f3<\/h2>\n

\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/b> – \u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee5\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u3002
\n\u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430<\/b> – \u72ec\u88c1\u3002\u72ec\u88c1\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u96c6\u56e2\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u3002
\n\u0412 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c<\/b> – \u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee5\u516c\u5171\u6240\u6709\u5236\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u3002
\n\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c<\/b> – \u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u5e73\u548c\u516c\u5171\u798f\u5229\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u5ea6\u3002
\n\u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c<\/b> – \u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee5\u79c1\u4eba\u6240\u6709\u5236\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u5ea6\u3002
\n\u041a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043e\u0449\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c<\/b> – \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u3002
\n\u041b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c<\/b> – \u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u8c03\u4f20\u7edf\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u3002
\n\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5916\u4ea4<\/h2>\n

\u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/b> – \u5916\u4ea4\u3002\u5916\u4ea4\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u901a\u8fc7\u8c08\u5224\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002
\n\u0414\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b<\/b> – \u5927\u4f7f\u3002\u5927\u4f7f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d3e\u9a7b\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u4ee3\u8868\u3002
\n\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0428\u0410.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b<\/b> – \u9886\u4e8b\u3002\u9886\u4e8b\u662f\u8d1f\u8d23\u4fdd\u62a4\u672c\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u5904\u7406\u7b7e\u8bc1\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u3002
\n\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441<\/b> – \u8054\u76df\u3002\u8054\u76df\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e3a\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u7ed3\u6210\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002
\n\u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b<\/b> – \u8c08\u5224\u3002\u8c08\u5224\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u5c31\u67d0\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002
\n\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/b> – \u5236\u88c1\u3002\u5236\u88c1\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u9650\u5236\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u65bd\u52a0\u538b\u529b\u3002
\n\u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442<\/b> – \u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u51b2\u7a81\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u6216\u56fd\u5bb6\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u4e89\u7aef\u6216\u6218\u4e89\u3002
\n\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043c\u0438\u0440<\/b> – \u548c\u5e73\u3002\u548c\u5e73\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002
\n\u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8<\/h3>\n

\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433<\/b> – \u96c6\u4f1a\u3002\u96c6\u4f1a\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u8fbe\u67d0\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u800c\u805a\u96c6\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002
\n\u041d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/b> – \u793a\u5a01\u3002\u793a\u5a01\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u8fbe\u6297\u8bae\u6216\u652f\u6301\u67d0\u79cd\u7acb\u573a\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002
\n\u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043c<\/b> – \u516c\u6295\u3002\u516c\u6295\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u7968\u51b3\u5b9a\u67d0\u4e2a\u91cd\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002
\n\u0420\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/b> – \u7ade\u9009\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u7ade\u9009\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u4e3a\u8d62\u5f97\u9009\u4e3e\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002
\n\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0439.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/b> – \u653f\u515a\u3002\u653f\u515a\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5171\u540c\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002
\n\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/b> – \u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u3002\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u73b0\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u6267\u653f\u515a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u3002
\n\u041e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/b> – \u8150\u8d25\u3002\u8150\u8d25\u662f\u6307\u6ee5\u7528\u6743\u529b\u8c0b\u53d6\u79c1\u5229\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002
\n\u0411\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/b> – \u9769\u547d\u3002\u9769\u547d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u66b4\u529b\u6216\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u624b\u6bb5\u63a8\u7ffb\u73b0\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002
\n\u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0447<\/b> – \u653f\u53d8\u3002\u653f\u53d8\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6b66\u529b\u7a81\u7136\u63a8\u7ffb\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002
\n\u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0447 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u653f\u7b56<\/h3>\n

\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d<\/b> – \u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5b9a\u5e76\u5f3a\u5236\u6267\u884c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u89c4\u8303\u3002
\n\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437<\/b> – \u6cd5\u4ee4\u3002\u6cd5\u4ee4\u662f\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002
\n\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043e \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/b> – \u51b3\u8bae\u3002\u51b3\u8bae\u662f\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002
\n\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442<\/b> – \u8349\u6848\u3002\u8349\u6848\u662f\u5c1a\u672a\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6216\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u6587\u672c\u3002
\n\u0414\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e<\/b> – \u6743\u5229\u3002\u6743\u5229\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6743\u76ca\u3002
\n\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/b> – \u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u8981\u6c42\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u5c65\u884c\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002
\n\u0423 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430<\/b> – \u6539\u9769\u3002\u6539\u9769\u662f\u5bf9\u73b0\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u5927\u8c03\u6574\u6216\u6539\u8fdb\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002
\n\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442<\/b> – \u9884\u7b97\u3002\u9884\u7b97\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u6536\u5165\u548c\u652f\u51fa\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002
\n\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c.<\/font><\/p>\n

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