{"id":783550,"date":"2024-06-12T23:38:34","date_gmt":"2024-06-12T23:38:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/talkpal.ai\/vocabulary\/%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%82%d1%8c-govorit-vs-%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%b7%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%8c-skazat-att-tala-vs-att-saga-pa-ryska\/"},"modified":"2024-06-12T23:38:34","modified_gmt":"2024-06-12T23:38:34","slug":"%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%82%d1%8c-govorit-vs-%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%b7%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%8c-skazat-att-tala-vs-att-saga-pa-ryska","status":"publish","type":"vocabulary","link":"https:\/\/talkpal.ai\/sv\/vocabulary\/%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%82%d1%8c-govorit-vs-%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%b7%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%8c-skazat-att-tala-vs-att-saga-pa-ryska\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c (govorit’) vs. \u0421\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c (skazat’) – Att tala vs. att s\u00e4ga p\u00e5 ryska"},"content":{"rendered":"

Att l\u00e4ra sig ett nytt spr\u00e5k inneb\u00e4r ofta att man st\u00f6ter p\u00e5 ord som verkar likna varandra men som anv\u00e4nds i olika sammanhang. I ryska<\/a> spr\u00e5ket finns det tv\u00e5 s\u00e5dana ord som ofta f\u00f6rvirrar nyb\u00f6rjare: \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> (govorit<\/i>) och \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> (skazat<\/i>). B\u00e5da orden kan \u00f6vers\u00e4ttas till ”att tala” eller ”att s\u00e4ga” p\u00e5 svenska<\/a>, men de anv\u00e4nds p\u00e5 olika s\u00e4tt och i olika situationer. I denna artikel kommer vi att utforska skillnaderna mellan dessa tv\u00e5 verb och ge exempel p\u00e5 hur de anv\u00e4nds korrekt.<\/p>\n

Grundl\u00e4ggande betydelser<\/h2>\n

F\u00f6r att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 skillnaden mellan \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> och \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b>, \u00e4r det viktigt att b\u00f6rja med deras grundl\u00e4ggande betydelser. <\/p>\n

\u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> \u00e4r ett imperfektivt verb, vilket betyder att det beskriver en p\u00e5g\u00e5ende eller upprepad handling. Det anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r man talar om att prata<\/a> eller tala<\/a> i allm\u00e4nhet. H\u00e4r \u00e4r n\u00e5gra exempel:
\n– \u041e\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442<\/b> \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438.<\/i> (Han talar ryska.)
\n– \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430<\/b> \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430.<\/i> (Hon pratade med honom ig\u00e5r.)<\/p>\n

\u00c5 andra sidan<\/a> \u00e4r \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> ett perfektivt verb, vilket inneb\u00e4r att det beskriver en avslutad handling eller n\u00e5got som kommer att h\u00e4nda vid ett specifikt tillf\u00e4lle i framtiden. Det anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r man vill betona resultatet av att ha sagt n\u00e5got. Exempel:
\n– \u041e\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b<\/b> \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0443.<\/i> (Han sa sanningen till mig.)
\n– \u042f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443<\/b> \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430.<\/i> (Jag kommer att s\u00e4ga det till dig imorgon.)<\/p>\n

Imperfektiva och perfektiva verb<\/h3>\n

En av de st\u00f6rsta utmaningarna f\u00f6r svensktalande som l\u00e4r sig ryska \u00e4r att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 skillnaden mellan imperfektiva och perfektiva verb. Som vi n\u00e4mnde tidigare \u00e4r \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> imperfektivt medan \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> \u00e4r perfektivt. <\/p>\n

Imperfektiva verb, som \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b>, beskriver ofta:
\n– P\u00e5g\u00e5ende handlingar: \u042f \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e<\/b> \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441.<\/i> (Jag talar med honom nu.)
\n– Upprepade handlingar: \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442<\/b> \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0443.<\/i> (Hon pratar ofta i telefon.)
\n– Generella sanningar: \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442<\/b> \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0443.<\/i> (De s\u00e4ger alltid sanningen.)<\/p>\n

Perfektiva verb, som \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b>, anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r att:
\n– Betona resultatet: \u041e\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b<\/b> \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430.<\/i> (Han sa det till mig ig\u00e5r.)
\n– Beskriva en enskild h\u00e4ndelse: \u042f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443<\/b> \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435.<\/i> (Jag kommer att s\u00e4ga det till dig senare.)
\n– Indikera en framtida handling med ett best\u00e4mt resultat: \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442<\/b> \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0443.<\/i> (Hon kommer att s\u00e4ga sanningen till honom.)<\/p>\n

Vanliga uttryck och fraser<\/h2>\n

F\u00f6r att ytterligare illustrera skillnaden mellan \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> och \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b>, l\u00e5t oss<\/a> titta p\u00e5 n\u00e5gra vanliga uttryck och fraser d\u00e4r dessa verb anv\u00e4nds.<\/p>\n

\u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b>:
\n– \u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0443<\/i> (Att tala i telefon)
\n– \u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0443<\/i> (Att s\u00e4ga sanningen)
\n– \u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435<\/i> (Att tala ett fr\u00e4mmande spr\u00e5k)<\/p>\n

\u0421\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b>:
\n– \u0421\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/i> (Att s\u00e4ga n\u00e5got viktigt)
\n– \u0421\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0431\u043e<\/i> (Att s\u00e4ga tack)
\n– \u0421\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0443<\/i> (Att ljuga)<\/p>\n

Anv\u00e4ndning i olika tempus<\/h2>\n

En annan viktig aspekt att \u00f6verv\u00e4ga \u00e4r hur dessa verb anv\u00e4nds i olika tempus. <\/p>\n

F\u00f6r \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b>:
\n– Presens: \u042f \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e<\/b>, \u0442\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0448\u044c<\/b>, \u043e\u043d\/\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442<\/b>, \u043c\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c<\/b>, \u0432\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435<\/b>, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442<\/b><\/i>
\n– Preteritum: \u042f \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b<\/b>\/\u0430, \u0442\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b<\/b>\/\u0430, \u043e\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b<\/b>, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430<\/b>, \u043c\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438<\/b>, \u0432\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438<\/b>, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438<\/b><\/i>
\n– Framtid (imperfektiv): \u042f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b>, \u0442\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0448\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b>, \u043e\u043d\/\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b>, \u043c\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b>, \u0432\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b>, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

F\u00f6r \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b>:
\n– Preteritum: \u042f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b<\/b>\/\u0430, \u0442\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b<\/b>\/\u0430, \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b<\/b>, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430<\/b>, \u043c\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438<\/b>, \u0432\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438<\/b>, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438<\/b><\/i>
\n– Framtid (perfektiv): \u042f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443<\/b>, \u0442\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0448\u044c<\/b>, \u043e\u043d\/\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442<\/b>, \u043c\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043c<\/b>, \u0432\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435<\/b>, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0442<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

Specifika kontexter<\/h2>\n

I vissa fall kan valet mellan \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> och \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> p\u00e5verkas av specifika kontexter och nyanser. H\u00e4r \u00e4r n\u00e5gra exempel:<\/p>\n

N\u00e4r man talar om att rapportera vad n\u00e5gon annan har sagt, anv\u00e4nds ofta \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b>:
\n– \u041e\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b<\/b>, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435.<\/i> (Han sa att han skulle komma senare.)<\/p>\n

N\u00e4r man talar om att ge en instruktion eller ett kommando, anv\u00e4nds ofta \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b>:
\n– \u0421\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0438<\/b> \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0443!<\/i> (S\u00e4g mig sanningen!)<\/p>\n

N\u00e4r man talar om kommunikation i allm\u00e4nhet eller en p\u00e5g\u00e5ende dialog, anv\u00e4nds ofta \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b>:
\n– \u041c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438<\/b> \u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430.<\/i> (Vi pratade l\u00e4nge ig\u00e5r.)<\/p>\n

Direkt och indirekt tal<\/h3>\n

En annan viktig aspekt \u00e4r anv\u00e4ndningen av direkt och indirekt tal. <\/p>\n

Vid direkt tal anv\u00e4nds ofta \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> f\u00f6r att markera att n\u00e5gon s\u00e4ger n\u00e5got specifikt:
\n– \u041e\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b<\/b>: ”\u042f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430.”<\/i> (Han sa: ”Jag kommer imorgon.”)<\/p>\n

Vid indirekt tal kan b\u00e5de \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> och \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> anv\u00e4ndas beroende p\u00e5 sammanhanget:
\n– \u041e\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b<\/b>, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430.<\/i> (Han sa att han skulle komma imorgon.)
\n– \u041e\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b<\/b> \u043c\u043d\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430.<\/i> (Han sa till mig att han skulle komma imorgon.)<\/p>\n

\u00d6vningar och exempel<\/h2>\n

F\u00f6r att bef\u00e4sta din f\u00f6rst\u00e5else av \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> och \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b>, rekommenderas det att g\u00f6ra \u00f6vningar och praktiska exempel. H\u00e4r \u00e4r n\u00e5gra \u00f6vningar du kan prova<\/a>:<\/p>\n

1. \u00d6vers\u00e4tt f\u00f6ljande meningar till ryska:
\n – Hon talar engelska<\/a>.
\n – Jag sa det till honom ig\u00e5r.
\n – De pratar alltid om v\u00e4dret.
\n – Kommer du att s\u00e4ga det till mig?<\/p>\n

2. Fyll i r\u00e4tt form av \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> eller \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> i f\u00f6ljande meningar:
\n – \u041e\u043d ________ \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430.
\n – \u041c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e ________ \u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c.
\n – \u042f ________ \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430.
\n – \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 ________ \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0443.<\/p>\n

3. Skriv dina egna meningar med \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> och \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> och \u00f6va p\u00e5 att l\u00e4sa dem h\u00f6gt.<\/p>\n

Slutsats<\/h2>\n

Att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 skillnaden mellan \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> och \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> \u00e4r en viktig del av att beh\u00e4rska ryska spr\u00e5ket. Genom att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 deras grundl\u00e4ggande betydelser, deras anv\u00e4ndning i olika tempus och specifika kontexter, kan du bli mer s\u00e4ker p\u00e5 n\u00e4r och hur du ska anv\u00e4nda dessa verb. \u00d6vning och repetition \u00e4r nyckeln till framg\u00e5ng, s\u00e5 tveka inte att \u00f6va ofta och be om feedback fr\u00e5n modersm\u00e5lstalare eller l\u00e4rare. Lycka till med din ryska spr\u00e5kinl\u00e4rning!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1527698,"template":"","vocabulary_language":[4203],"class_list":["post-783550","vocabulary","type-vocabulary","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","vocabulary_language-ryska"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c (govorit') vs. \u0421\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c (skazat') - Att tala vs. att s\u00e4ga p\u00e5 ryska - Talkpal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Att l\u00e4ra sig ett nytt spr\u00e5k inneb\u00e4r ofta att man st\u00f6ter p\u00e5 ord som verkar likna varandra men som anv\u00e4nds i olika sammanhang. 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