Nouns: Classification and Gender Agreement

In Latvian grammar, nouns are classified into two primary categories according to gender: masculine and feminine. The gender of a noun is usually determined by its ending in the nominative case.

Masculine nouns typically end in -s, -š, or a consonant, such as:

– Suns (dog)
– Bērzs (birch tree)
– Dārzs (garden)

Feminine nouns generally end in -a or -e, like:

– Sieviete (woman)
– Māja (house)
– Zeme (land)

This classification is essential, as gender agreement applies when using adjectives, pronouns, and verbs to describe or refer to these nouns.

Adjectives: Gender-based Declension

Adjectives in Latvian grammar agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify. Gender agreement is evident when using qualitative adjectives and ordinal numerals. Qualitative adjectives usually have different endings for masculine (-s or -š) and feminine (-a) nouns:

– Labs suns (good dog, masculine)
– Laba sieviete (good woman, feminine)

Ordinal numerals follow a similar pattern:

– Trešais suns (third dog, masculine)
– Trešā sieviete (third woman, feminine)

Pronouns: Demonstrative, Personal, and Possessive

In Latvian grammar, various types of pronouns exhibit gender agreement, primarily through their endings. These include demonstrative pronouns, personal pronouns, and possessive pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns distinguish masculine and feminine: šis (this, masculine) vs. šī (this, feminine), as well as tas (that, masculine) vs. tā (that, feminine).

Personal pronouns have separate forms for masculine and feminine third-person singular pronouns: viņš (he) and viņa (she).

Possessive pronouns indicate the gender of the possessor, such as ‘his’ (viņa) and ‘her’ (viņas), while agreeing in case and number with the object of possession.

Verb Conjugation: Gendered Past Tense

Although Latvian verbs mostly do not display gender distinctions, there is a notable exception when conjugating verbs in the past tense. The past tense of a verb is formed using a gender-specific participle, distinguished by its ending:

– -is for masculine active past participle (drīkstis)
– -usi for feminine active past participle (drīkstusi)

For example, the verb ‘to be allowed’ (drīkstēt) would be conjugated for ‘he’ and ‘she’ as follows:

– Viņš bija drīkstis (He was allowed)
– Viņa bija drīkstusi (She was allowed)

In conclusion, the Latvian language showcases complex and fascinating gender distinctions throughout its grammar. Acknowledging these nuances can greatly enhance one's understanding of Latvian grammar and facilitate more effective communication in this rich and expressive language.